Chapter 22:
Revolutions and Nations
Section 1: The Spread of Revolutionary Ideas
Section 2: The Industrial Revolution
Section 3: Nationalism and Colonial Empires
Section 1
The Spread of Revolutionary Ideas
• After the French Revolution ended, a young
general, Napoleon Bonaparte became a hero in
France.
• Napoleon defeated internal rebels and external
armies that threatened the new republic.
• Napoleon seized political power and made
France into a great empire that dominated
Europe. He took over in 1799; his takeover was
called coup d’e’tat.
Napoleon Bonaparte
• Napoleon was so
popular, he named
himself emperor of
France in 1804.
• He was a remarkable
military leader that had
victories over Austria,
Prussia, and Russia.
• Set up a system of public
education
• Made taxes fairer
• Created the Bank of
France
• Napoleonic Code
(Enlightenment ideas)
– Still no rights for women
• Restricted freedom of
press and tolerated no
opposition to his rule
The Defeat of Napoleon
• Great Britain was the one
enemy Napoleon could not
defeat.
– Battle of Trafalgar (naval
defeat)
• Napoleon ordered all
nations in Europe to stop
trading with Great Britain,
but Russia ignored this
order.
– Napoleon invaded Russia with
600,000 men, but was forced
to retreat.
– Russia, Prussia and Great
Britain joined to take Paris and
forced Napoleon to leave
France in 1814.
• Years later Napoleon
returns to France and builds
a new army.
• The British and Prussians
defeat Napoleon for the last
time at the Battle of
Waterloo in 1815 (Belgium).
• Napoleon was exiled to a
small island in the Atlantic
where he died six years
later.
Congress of Vienna
• After Napoleon’s defeat in 1814, European
leaders met in Vienna to draw up a peace
settlement.
– Klemens von Metternich of Austria led the meetings
– French had to give up lands that had been conquered
– French had to pay 700 million francs to rebuild
Europe
– Reshaped kingdoms to balance the strength of
different countries in Europe
– Goal: to make sure no one country could ever again
threaten the rest of the continent.
Opposing Ideas of the French
Revolution
• Metternich and other
leaders opposed the
ideas of the French
Revolution and instead
proposed conservatism.
• Congress of Vienna
restored the old
European monarchies
and royal families.
• Bourbon family was
restored to power in
France.
• Despite Metternich’s idea,
the ideals of democracy
did not die. A new idea
gained strength:
liberalism.
• Liberal uprising pushed
forward, but the
conservative forces
pushed back.
Latin American Independence
• European powers had ruled Latin America for over 300
years, but the people in these colonies launched a series
of revolts to overthrow European rule.
– Haiti (French rule) Tousaint-L’Ouventure defeated French troops
and gained independence in 1804.
– South America (Spanish and Portuguese rule) Simon Bolivar and
Jose de San Martin led independence movements.
• By 1831, a dozen Latin American nations had won their
freedom.
• Though Latin Americans were free, there was conflict
between conservatives and liberals.
Section 2
The Industrial Revolution
• In the 1700s and 1800s, new inventions
completely changed the way people
worked. Scientific discoveries also led to
key advances in health.
• The creation of factories and period of
industrialism led to the Industrial
Revolution.
• New inventions also improved
transportation and communication.
Factory System
• Before industrialization, each good had been
individually made by hand. Industrialization
shifted production to a factory system.
• Transportation improved the efficiency of the
factory system (carrying products).
• Bankers, merchants, and landowners provide
capital (investment) into the factory system.
• Businesses wanted a laissez-faire system and
governments agreed.
• This system started to spread, even to the
United States by the early 1800s.
Key Inventions of the Industrial
Revolution
Flying Shuttle
Sped up weaving
Spinning Jenny
Made thread more quickly
Steam Engine
Efficient engine that could power factory
machines, boats, and trains
Cotton Gin
Cleaned cotton faster
Telegraph
Could quickly send messages over long
distances
Smallpox
treatment
Edward Jenner helped prevent the deadliest
disease of the time.
Ways to kill
germs
Louis Pasteur discovered that germs caused
diseases and found ways to kill germs.
A New Way of Life
• Work Experience
– Weavers, artisans, and
farm workers had lost their
jobs to machines
(unemployed)
– Cities grew
• Dangerous Work
Conditions
–
–
–
–
Long days
Machines were dangerous
Wages were poor
Women and children had to
work
• Industrial Cities Harsh
Places to Live
– Housing Crowded and
Poorly Built
– Crime was extreme
– Garbage filled streets (no
sanitation
• Reformers arose because
of these problems
– Karl Marx promoted
Socialism
– Wanted to replace the
capitalist society
A New Way of Life
• Some people did benefit from capitalism and the factory
systems.
–
–
–
–
–
–
Merchants
Clerks,
Engineers
Doctors
Factory managers
Well educated professionals
• Middle class grew. They earned good incomes and
could afford comfortable lives. The middle and upper
class had time for leisure.
• Two major trends in arts competed for attention:
– Realism
– Romanticism
Section 3
Nationalism and Colonial Empires
• Nationalism was a powerful force during the
1800s.
• Nationalists supported the idea of nation-states.
• After Napoleon’s defeat, various groups in
Europe began to rebel against foreign rule.
– Greece (won independence from Ottoman Empire in
1848)
– Hungarian and Czech in Austrian Empire were
defeated.
– Italians and Germans also failed in their efforts to
form their own countries, but would succeed later.
Italy and Germany Unify
Italy
• Camillo di Cavour became
prime minister of Sardinia
and drove Austrians from
the north.
• Giuseppe Garibaldi
gathered followers and
overthrew the government
in Sicily.
• Cavour and Garibaldi joined
their lands together to
unify Italy in 1861.
Germany
• Otto von Bismarck, the
Prussian prime minister,
built a strong army and
defeated Denmark and
Austria.
• Southern states joined with
Germany when Prussia
waged war against France.
• German Empire was
proclaimed in 1871.
What is Imperialism?
• The control of a region or country by
another country.
Imperialism
America
Africa and Asia
Japan
• Africa was a major
target.
• Matthew Perry’s
Assignment
• Britain, France,
and other
imperialists
profited from
mining and forced
labor.
• Opened ports to
America
• China, India,
Burma
(Myanmar), and
Southeast Asia
were targets of
imperialists, too.
• Avoided foreign
domination by
becoming
industrialized
and building a
strong military
• Took over Korea
and Taiwan
from China
• Monroe Doctrine
kept Europe out of
the Americas and
allowed the U.S. to
become dominant.
• Conquered half of
Mexico’s territory
• Took over Panama
and completed the
Panama Canal
• Gained control of
the Philippines and
Puerto Rico
• Hawaii became a
U.S. territory in
1898.