Growth and competitiveness of the pharmaceutical industry
Final version : 21/09/2015
Growth & Competitiveness
www.efpia.eu
Growth and competiveness - rationale
The purpose of this document is to address some of the key questions related to the
competiveness and growth of the pharmaceutical sector.
Why is the pharmaceutical industry a key asset to European
competitiveness ?
Has the pharmaceutical industry been resilient to the European crisis ?
Will the pharmaceutical industry remain a key growth sector in the future
and what are the main challenges it needs to tackle ?
The document has been divided in three sections which gather a rich and robust collection of
evidences aiming at tackling these questions. The objective is to facilitate an evidence-based
discussion amongst the different stakeholders including payers, policymakers and regulators.
2
Index
Growth and competitiveness-rationale………………………………………..……………………………………..…………………………………………………
Index…................................................………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………….
Part 1 : Why is the pharmaceutical industry a key asset to European competitiveness ?...........................………….…………………
The pharmaceutical industry is the sector with the highest R&D intensity……………………………………………………………………………..
Europe’s high technology economy is still among the world’s most innovative and pharma is supported by a thriving biotech
sector……........................................................................................................................................................................................
The pharmaceutical industry is a major source of comparative advantage and growth, and outstrips other innovation-based
industries……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………...............................................
The research-based pharmaceutical industry is a major high-technology employer in Europe……………………..………………………..
Economic value per employee is higher than comparable industries…………………………………………….………………….........................
Employment in the pharmaceutical sector generates one of the highest returns among comparable industries ……..…………….
2
3
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
3
Index
Part 2: Has the pharmaceutical industry been resilient to the economic crisis ?………………………………...…………….…..……………...
Europe has maintained its share of clinical trials notably due to positive developments in Eastern Europe……………..................
The pharmaceutical industry continues to drive a positive trade balance for Europe…………………………………..………….………………
Despite the crisis, employment in the pharmaceutical sector has proven to be more resilient than other sectors ….................
The pharmaceutical industry is emerging from its R&D productivity crisis with significant innovations……………………………………
Part 3: Will the pharmaceutical industry remain a key growth sector in the future and
what are the challenges ahead? …………………………………………………………………………………...……………………...……..………………………
Within healthcare, medicines are amongst the most exciting growth opportunities, currently driven by demand from
emerging countries……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………….……….…………….
With a high wealth pool, Europe’s ageing population represents the fastest growing consumer segment in Europe…..............
Europe plays host to a considerable share of the world’s top academic institutions and centers of clinical academic
excellence ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………..............
On a global basis, Europe still has many of the preconditions for leadership……..……….…………………………….………………...............
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
4
Index
However, the pharmaceutical industry will have to address some challenges to maintain its competitiveness......……………..
Europe headquartered companies account for about over one third of all NCEs but face growing competition from
“pharmerging” economies……...……………..…..................................................................................................................................
Europe is lagging behind the USA as the place where innovators want to launch their products first……….………………...............
R&D intensity in the EU is growing more slowly than emerging markets such as China which is rapidly catching up…...............
Europe lags behind many other knowledge intensive economies on key indicators……………….………………………………………………..
Bibliography……………………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………….....………….
.
23
24
25
26
27
28
5
Part 1: key messages
Part 1: Why is the pharmaceutical industry a key asset to European
competitiveness ?
✱ The pharmaceutical industry is the sector with the highest R&D intensity
✱ Europe’s high technology economy is still among the world’s most innovative and pharma is supported by a
thriving biotech sector
✱ The pharmaceutical industry is a major source of comparative advantage and growth, and outstrips other
innovation-based industries
✱ The research-based pharmaceutical industry is a major high-technology employers in Europe
✱ Economic value per employee is higher than comparable industries
✱ Employment in the pharmaceutical sector generates one of the highest returns among comparable industries
6
Part 1: Pharma & Competitiveness
The pharmaceutical is the sector with the highest R&D intensity
Ranking of industrial sectors by overall R&D intensity (as percentage of net sales, 2013)
Pharmaceuticals &Biotechnology
14.4%
Software & Computer services
10.4%
8%
Technology Hardware and equipment
Leisure goods
7.3%
Aerospace & Defense
4.6%
4.3%
Automobile & Parts
4.3%
Electronic & Electrical Equipment
4.2%
Health care equipment & services
Total
3.2%
Industrial engineering
2.8%
Chemicals
2.6%
2.2%
General industries
Banks
2%
1.8%
Fixed line telecomunnications
Construction and Materials
Oil & gas producers
1%
0.3%
0%
5%
10%
15%
Note: data relate to the top 2,500 companies with registered offices in the EU (633), Japan (387), the USA (804) and the Rest of the World (676), ranked by total worldwide R&D investment (with R&D investment above €15.5M)
Source: The 2014 EU industrial R&D investment scoreboard, European Commission, JRC, DG RTD.
20%
7
Part 1: Pharma & Competitiveness
Europe’s high-technology economy is still among the world’s most
innovative and pharma is supported by a thriving biotech sector
Country shares of high-tech patent
applications to the European Patent Office
(2009-2011)
South Korea
7%
Taiwan
1%
Rest of the
World
6%
Country shares of biotechnology patent
applications (2009-2011)
Australia
South Korea 1%
2%
European
Union
31%
Rest of the
World
9%
Japan
10%
EU
37%
China
2%
Japan
18%
China
6%
Canada
3%
United States
27%
USA
36%
Source: Eurostat databases on Biotechnology patent applications to the EPO by priority year [pat_ep_nbio] and High-tech patent applications to the EPO by priority year [pat_ep_ntec] (accessed in August 2015).
Canada
2%
8
Part 1: Pharma & Competitiveness
The pharmaceutical industry is a major source of comparative advantage
and growth and outstrips other innovation-based industries
Revealed comparative advantage for
different industries
Relative trade balance of European pharma
& other industries
Relative trade (net export/total trade volume)
+47%
-24%
+8%
-12%
+14%
The index compares EU exports in one sector (as a percentage of the total EU manufacturing exports) with the same sector’s share from a group of reference countries.
RCA values superior to 1 mean that a given industry performs better than its competitors (the reference group) while values below 1 indicate a comparative disadvantage.
Source: European Commission: European Competitiveness Report 2014 (2014)
9
Part 1: Pharma & Competitiveness
The research-based pharmaceutical industry is a major high-technology
employer in Europe
Employment in the pharmaceutical industry in EU (1990-2014)
+41%
800 000
700 000
1990
2014
Total Employment
600 000
500 000
400 000
+52%
300 000
200 000
100 000
0
Total employment
Employment in R&D
Note: These statistics are based on official estimates reported by EFPIA member associations. Data includes Turkey (since 2011), Croatia and Lithuania (since 2010), Bulgaria, Estonia and Hungary (since 2009), Czech Republic (since
2008), Cyprus (since 2007), Latvia, Romania and Slovakia (since 2005), Malta, Poland, and Slovenia (since 2004).
Source: EFPIA: Pharmaceutical industry in figures (2015, 2013)
10
Part 1: Pharma & Competitiveness
Economic value added per employee in the pharmaceutical sector is
higher than in comparable industries
Gross value added per employee (2010-2012), 1000 euros
180,00
159
160,00
154
159
140,00
120,00
97
100,00
97
food sector
93
chemicals
pharmaceuticals
80,00
60
60,00
69
66
60
44
44
60
66
electrical equipment
motor vehicules and semi trailer
44
40,00
20,00
,00
2010
2011
Note: Gross Value Added is defined as the difference between Production and Intermediate inputs. Value added comprises Labour costs (compensation of employees),
Consumption of fixed capital, taxes less subsidies (the nature of which depends on the valuation used ) and Net operating surplus and mixed income
Source: Eurostat database on employment accessed in March 2015
2012
11
Part 1: Pharma & Competitiveness
Employment within the pharmaceutical sector generates one of the
highest returns among comparable industries
Gross value added per employee
Turnover generated per employee
Value added/employee (1000 EUR)
0
50
100
Pharmaceuticals
150
154
Chemicals and chemical products
93
Turnover generated per employee (1 000 EUR)
200
0
Machinery and equipment
67
Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-…
Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-…
66
Computer, electronic and optical…
Computer, electronic and optical…
66
Food products
Basic metals
59
Electrical equipment
Textiles
Furniture
Wearing apparel
38
32
21
Source: Eurostat (online data code: sbs_na_ind_r2): 2012 figures (accessed in March 2015)
500
416
370
370
250
Paper and paper products
60
44
400
470
Basic metals
Electrical equipment
Food products
300
Pharmaceuticals
66
55
200
Chemicals and chemical products
Paper and paper products
Repair and installation of machinery
100
269
223
161
Machinery and equipment
129
Repair and installation of machinery
126
Textiles
120
Furniture
Wearing apparel
93
69
12
Part 2: key messages
Part 2: Has the pharmaceutical industry been resilient to the economic
crisis ?
The pharmaceutical has shown resiliency to the crisis
Europe has maintained its share of clinical trials notably due to positive developments in
Eastern Europe
The pharmaceutical industry continues to drive a positive trade balance for Europe
Employment in the pharmaceutical sector has proven to be more resilient than other
sectors
The pharmaceutical industry is emerging from its R&D productivity crisis with significant
innovations
13
Part 2: resiliency to the crisis
Europe has maintained its share of clinical trials notably due to positive
developments in Eastern Europe
Investigator sites for clinical trials (2005-2011)
Number of investigator sites involved in pivotal clinical trials submitted in Marketing
Authorisation Applications to the Agency per region and year
Number of
investigator sites
55%
54%
50%
45%
40%
35%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
11%
5%
0%
2005
2006
EU/EEA/EFTA
37%
35%
28%
2007
2008
North America
2009
2010
2011
Number of
investigator sites
55%
50%
45%
40%
35% 30%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
4%
5%
0%
2005
2006
Rest of World
Note: EU-15 includes the member states of the European Union prior to the accession of the ten new countries on 1 May 2004, plus EEA countries.
EU-10 includes the 2004 accession countries
Source: EMA 2013
24%
9%
2007
2008
EU-15 + EEA
2009
2010
2011
EU-10
14
Part 2: resiliency to the crisis
The pharmaceutical industry continues to drive a positive trade balance
for Europe
EU-28 Trade balance for high
technology sectors in million (2014) †
Trade Balance for Europe (2000-2014)*
EUR mn
350,000
300,000
316,500
305,133
276,357
250,000
220,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
199,131
90,935
125,301
50,000
0
216,928
22,094
71,533
74,891
78,000
-50,000
-100,000
-68,841
-150,000
-204,824
-200,000
-250,000
2000
2010
Production
Exports
-230,242
2013
EUR mn
60 000
50 000
40 000
30 000
20 000
10 000
0
-10 000
-20 000
-30 000
-40 000
-50 000
-238,500
2014(e)
Imports
Trade balance
Note: the graph in the left hand side was based on EfpIA member associations (official figures) - (e): EfpIA estimate; Eurostat (Eu-28 trade data 1995-2013)
Source: *EFPIA , The Pharmaceutical industry in figures 2015 (2015), †Eurostat COMEXT database, April 2015.
55,337
33,611
18,135
2,980
Trade balance -45,320 -44,497
Pharmaceutical products
Power generating machinery and equipment
Office machines and computers
Telecommunication, sound, TV, video
Electrical machinery
Professional, scientific, controlling material
15
Part 2: resiliency to the crisis
Despite the crisis, employment in the pharmaceutical industry has
proven more resilient than many other sectors
Percentage change in employment in selected industries (2008-2012)
5%
1.43%
1.04%
1.05%
2.40%
0.66%
0%
-0.50%
-5%
-1.48%
-1.92%
-4.34%
-7.13%
-10%
-6.76%
-5.20%
-10.61%
-15%
-20%
-22.01%
-25%
Food industry
Textile
Pharmaceutical
products
percentage change between 2008 and 2012
Computer,
electronics and
optical products
Electrical equipment
Machinery and
equipment
Motor vehicules,
trailers and semi
trailers
pencentage change in employment between 2011 and 2012
Note: the graph measures change in employment for the EU27 (2008-2012) and for the EU28 (2011-12). The chemical industry could not be included in the graph because of the absence of statistics for the year 2012.
Source: Eurostat database on employment by NACE2 sectors.
16
Part 2: resiliency to the crisis
The pharmaceutical industry is emerging from its “R&D productivity
crisis” with significant innovations
Number of New Therapy Drugs approved and Sales (2004-2014)
60
60
53
50
39
40
40
36
34
32
28
30
27
29
31
28
30
24
20
20
10
10
0
51
24
38
25
13
22
29
37
35
53
48
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Sales
Source: Asher, M. (2015). 2014 FDA drug approvals. Nature reviews drug discovery, 14, pp. 77-81.
Number of NTD approvals
Total peak sales (US$ billions)
50
0
New Therapy Drugs
17
Part 3: key messages
Part 3: Will the pharmaceutical industry remain a key growth sector in
the future and what are the challenges ahead?
The pharmaceutical industry will remain a key growth sector in the future
Within healthcare, medicines are among the most exciting growth opportunities, currently
driven by demand from emerging markets
With a high wealth pool, Europe’s ageing population represents the fastest growing
consumer segment in Europe
Europe plays host to a considerable share of the world’s top academic institutions and centers
of clinical academic excellence
On a global basis, Europe still has many of the preconditions for leadership in life science strategy
But it will have to address several challenges :
Europe headquartered companies account for about over one third of all NCEs but face growing
competition from “pharmerging” economies
Europe is lagging behind the USA as the place where innovators want to launch their products first
Europe lags behind many other knowledge intensive economies on key indicators
18
Part 3: the future of pharma & challenges
Within healthcare, medicines are among the most exciting growth
opportunities, currently driven by demand from emerging markets
Annual projected pharmaceuticals sales valued at gross ex manufacture price through 2016
Global spending
US $bn
1 300
1 200
1 100
1 000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
+31%
 Medicine sales expected to reach
$1,3trn globally by 2013
290-320
+24%
194
12801310
 Building on high growth since 2008,
sales are projected to increase by 62%
from 2008 to 2018
989
795
2008
2009-2013
Note: Spending in US $ with varying exchange rates. All estimates allow for exchange rate variability.
Source: IMS: The global use of medicines through 2018 (2014)
2013
2014-2018
2016
19
Part 3: the future of pharma & challenges
With a high wealth pool, Europe’s ageing population represents the
fastest growing consumer segment in Europe
Global wealth pool of over 60s†
+56%
100%
90%
18% 21% 22%
24% 26% 27% 28% 28% 28% 28%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
66% 64% 63%
61% 60% 58% 57% 57% 57% 57%
30%
20%
10%
16% 16% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15%
Population growth over 60s (CAGR 2011-20 %)
Age demographic projections in the EU*
04%
04%
2.32
03%
Other emerging countries
2013 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055 2060
0-14
15-64
65 and over
Source: * Eurostat; † ERS International Macroeconomic Data Set (2012); †United Nations: Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2011)
4.16
0.49
03%
United States
02%
02%
Japan 1.72
01%
4.63
Western Europe
01%
00%
-
0%
BRIC
10000,0 20000,0 30000,0 40000,0 50000,0 60000,0
GDP per capita in 2020 (USD)
 Bubble size pool represents wealth among over 60s ($trn)
20
Part 3: the future of pharma & challenges
Europe plays host to a considerable share of the world’s top academic
institutions and centres of clinical academic excellence
Regional shares of the world’s top higher
education institutions (2014)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
4%
13%
5%
4%
5%
4%
52%
39%
4%
5%
5%
14%
17%
18%
6%
6%
31%
29%
6%
35%
35%
40%
41%
40%
41%
Top 100
Top 200
Top 300
Top 400
Top 500
Europe
United States
Rest of North America
Source: Shanghai Ranking – Academic Ranking of World’s Universities (2014). Accessed in 2015
Asia
Shares of the world’s top 100 clinical and
pharmaceutical academic institutions
Rest of
World
13%
Europe
35%
United
States
52%
Oceania
21
Part 3: the future of pharma & challenges
On a global basis, Europe still has many of the preconditions for
leadership
Country comparison on patent applications and higher education institutions
Regional shares of the world’s top higher
education institutions (2014)
100%
4%
5%
4%
4%
13%
5%
4%
14%
6%
5%
17%
6%
18%
6%
52%
39%
35%
31%
29%
35%
40%
41%
40%
41%
Top 100
Top 200
Top 300
Top 400
Top 500
80%
60%
5%
40%
20%
0%
Europe
United States
Rest of North America
Asia
Oceania
Shares of the world’s top hundred clinical and
pharmaceutical academic institutions (2014)
13%
35%
Source: Eurostat: Various databases (accessed in 2015); Shanghai Ranking: Academic Ranking of World’s Universities (2014);
52%
United States
52%
Europe
35%
Rest of World
13%
22
Part 3: the future of pharma & challenges
While the pharmaceutical industry will remain an important sector for Europe,
it still needs to address some challenges to maintain its competitiveness
Europe headquartered companies account for about over one third of all NCEs but face growing
competition from “pharmerging” economies
Europe is still consistently lagging behind the US as the place where innovators want to launch
their products first
EU R&D intensity is growing more slowly than emerging markets such as China which is rapidly
catching up
Europe lags behind many other knowledge intensive economies on key indicators
23
Part 3: the future of pharma & challenges
Europe headquartered companies account for about over one third of all
NCEs but face growing competition from “pharmerging” economies
New Chemical Entities
discovered (100%)
Number of new chemical or biological entities
(1995-2014)*
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Number of New Molecular Entities (20092014)†
70
43%
2%
17%
35%
36%
34%
60
6%
8%
14%
50
15%
12%
13%
40
45%
43%
37%
61
39%
30
47
39
35
33
25
20
1995-1999
2000-2004
USA
Japan
2005-2009
Others
2010-2014
Europe
 Between 2010 and 2014, companies headquartered in European countries
were responsible for 34% of the New Chemical Entities (NCEs) discovered
10
0
*Note: Percentages might not add due to rounding
Source: *EFPIA’ calculation based on the pharmaceutical Industry in Figures (2015), †SCRIP - EFPIA calculations (according to nationality of mother company)
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
24
Part 3: the future of pharma & challenges
Europe is consistently lagging behind the US as the place where
innovators want to launch their products first
Launches of new active substance by region, 2001 - 2011
70%
66%
Launches of new active
substance
60%
50%
40%
30%
33%
20%
30%
23%
21%
16%
13%
10%
0%
2001
28%
2002
31%
34%
2003
13%
12%
9%
12%
2004
2005
US
Europe
2006
Japan
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Rest of the World
Note: the graph only includes entirely novel products that were first introduced in any worldwide market during 2010 – as such it includes new chemical entities and biologics but excludes novel formulations or combination products.
To be included in this analysis, the products also need to be actively launched on the market, not just approved for sale.
Source: Parexel R&D Statistical Sourcebook 2012/2013
25
Part 3: the future of pharma & challenges
R&D intensity in the EU is growing more slowly than emerging markets
such as China which is rapidly catching up
R&D intensity - 2004 vs. 2011†
Pharmaceutical R&D Expenditure –
Annual growth rate (%)*
+8%
12
10
8
6
4,8
Europe
5,2
USA
3,8
4
3,4
2,4
2
0
2000-2004
2005-2009
2010-2014
Note: R&D intensity is defined as Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
Source: *EFPIA: Pharmaceutical industry in figures - key data (2015); †Data from Eurostat, accessed in 2015.
R&D intensity (GERD as a% of GDP),
2004 vs. 2011
9,9
3.1%
3,0%
+50%
2.8%
+12%
2.5%
2,5%
1.8%
2,0%
1,5%
3.4%
+11%
3,5%
1.8%
2%
1.2%
1,0%
0,5%
0,0%
CHN
EU28
2004
USA
JPN
2011
 China’s overall R&D intensity has grown 85% in the last 7 years and is
nearly the same as EU’s now
26
Part 3: the future of pharma & challenges
Europe lags behind many other knowledge intensive economies on key
indicators
Europe’s relative performance on key
innovation competitiveness indicators
Changes in scores on relative
competitiveness indicators
% difference in performance
% change in performance
-1,50 -1,00 -0,50 0,00 0,50 1,00
Doctoral graduates
Tertiary education
International co-publications
Most cited publications
Public sector R&D expenditure
Business sector R&D expenditure
Public-private co-publications
PCT patents
PCT patents for societal change
Trade balance
Knowledge-intensive services expenditure
License and patent revenues
United States
-5,0
,0
5,0
0,02
-0,36
0,49
0,63
0,30
-0,37
0,32
-0,36
-0,02
0,01
0,41
0,58
-0,19
0,59
0,01
-0,10
-0,30
0,71
0,88
0,01
0,17
0,16
Japan
0,94
Doctoral graduates
Tertiary education
International co-publications
Most cited publications
Public sector R&D expenditure
Business sector R&D expenditure
Public-private co-publications
PCT patents
PCT patents for societal change
Trade balance
Knowledge-intensive services expenditure
License and patent revenues
,20
-,30
10,0
15,0
1,50
1,10
-2,30
-3,50
-1,50
-1,90
-,30
-1,60
-,50
-,10
-1,20
-1,60
-1,20
6,40
-3,10
4,0
-,80
-1,80
,60
,40
-4,90
-3,70
United States
Note: A country has a performance lead over the EU27 if the relative score for the indicator is above 0 and a performance gap with the EU27 if the relative score is below 0. Relative annual growth as compared to that
of the EU27 over a 5-year period.
Source: European Commission: Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 (Accessed in March 2015).
Japan
27
Growth & Competitiveness
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Sources
Asher, M. (2015).
2014 FDA drug approvals, Nature review drug discovery, 14, pp. 77-81.
Cambridge Econometrics
MDM revisions 7146 (2012)
Daemmrich, A. (2009)
Where is the pharmacy to the world ? International Regulatory Variation and Pharmaceutical Industry
Location, Milken Institute.
ECORYS Research and Consulting
Competitiveness of the EU Market and Industry for Pharmaceuticals Volume II: Markets, Innovation &
Regulation (Released December 2009)
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/healthcare/files/docs/vol_2_markets_innovation_regulation_en.pdf
(accessed April 2013)
EFPIA
The Pharmaceutical Industry in Figures – Key data 2014.
http://www.efpia.eu/uploads/Figures_2014_Final.pdf (accessed March 2015)
28
Growth & Competitiveness
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Sources
EFPIA
The Pharmaceutical Industry in Figures – Key data 2015
http://www.efpia.eu/mediaroom/271/21/The-Pharmaceutical-Industry-in-figures-Edition-2015
European Commission
The 2014 EU Industrial R&D Investment scoreboard, European Commission, JRC, DG RTD.
Available at: http://iri.jrc.ec.europa.eu/scoreboard14.html
European Commission
European competitiveness report 2014 (2014).
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/industrial-competitiveness/competitiveness-analysis/europeancompetitiveness-report/index_en.htm
European Medicines Agency
Clinical trials submitted in marketing-authorisation applications to the European Medicines Agency Overview of patient recruitment and the geographical location of investigator sites
http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Other/2009/12/WC500016819.pdf (accessed
April 2015)
http://csdd.tufts.edu/files/uploads/tuftscsdd_academic-industry.pdf (accessed April 2013)
29
Growth & Competitiveness
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Sources
Eurostat
Annual detailed enterprise statistics for industry (NACE Rev. 2, B-E) [sbs_na_ind_r2], last updated March 2015
http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=sbs_na_ind_r2&lang=en
EUROSTAT
EPO Worldwide Patent Statistical Database
Excel file accessed at http://www.epo.org/about-us/annual-reports-statistics/statistics/filings.html (accessed
April 2015)
Eurostat
Annual detailed enterprise statistics for industry (NACE Rev. 2, B-E) [sbs_na_ind_r2], last updated March 2015
http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=sbs_na_ind_r2&lang=en
EUROSTAT
EPO Worldwide Patent Statistical Database
Excel file accessed at http://www.epo.org/about-us/annual-reports-statistics/statistics/filings.html (accessed
April 2015)
30
Growth & Competitiveness
4/9
Sources
European Commission
European Commission: Innovation Union Scoreboard 2013 (2013)
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/files/ius-2013_en.pdf (accessed April 2013)
European Commission
European competitiveness report 2014 (2014).
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/industrial-competitiveness/competitiveness-analysis/europeancompetitiveness-report/index_en.htm
European Medicines Agency
Clinical trials submitted in marketing-authorisation applications to the European Medicines Agency Overview of patient recruitment and the geographical location of investigator sites
http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Other/2009/12/WC500016819.pdf (accessed
April 2013)
http://csdd.tufts.edu/files/uploads/tuftscsdd_academic-industry.pdf (accessed April 2013)
Eurostat
ESA 95 Supply, Use and Input-Output tables Database (Updated October 2012, data up to 2008)
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/esa95_supply_use_input_tables/data/database
(accessed April 2013)
31
Growth & Competitiveness
5/9
Sources
Eurostat
Science and Technology Database – R&D expenditure
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/R_%26_D_expenditure (accessed March
2015)
IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics
The Global Use of Medicines: Outlook Through 2016 (Released July 2012)
http://www.imshealth.com/deployedfiles/ims/Global/Content/Insights/IMS%20Institute%20for%20Healthc
are%20Informatics/Global%20Use%20of%20Meds%202011/Medicines_Outlook_Through_2016_Report.pdf
(accessed April 2015)
IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics
The Global Use of Medicines: Outlook Through 2016 (Released July 2012)
IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics
The global use of medicines through 2018 (Released November 2014)
32
Growth & Competitiveness
6/9
Sources
OECD
Health Status Data set
http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=HEALTH_STAT (accessed April 2013)
OECD
Government budget appropriations or outlays for RD - Science, technology and Patents database
https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=GBAORD_NABS2007 (accessed March 2015)
PAREXEL Biopharmaceutical R&D Statistical Sourcebook 2012/2013 (eStats)
Hard copy accessed Mar, April, May 2013
Shanghai Rankings
Academic Ranking of World Universities 2014
http://www.shanghairanking.com/ (accessed in March 2015)
The Economic Intelligence Unit (EIU)
Forecast Market Indicators (updated March 2013)
http://www.eiu.com/default.aspx (accessed April 2013)
33
Growth & Competitiveness
7/9
Sources
World Health Organisation (WHO)
World health statistics report 2013
http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/EN_WHS2013_Full.pdf (accessed April 2013)
Word Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
WIPO Economics & Statistics Series - WIPO IP Facts and Figures 2012
http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/freepublications/en/statistics/943/wipo_pub_943_2012.pdf
(accessed April 2013)
OECD
STAN ( Structural Analysis database) – Accessed in 2015.
http://www.oecd.org/industry/ind/stanstructuralanalysisdatabase.htm
OECD
Database on patent by technology – Accessed in 2015.
http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=PATS_IPC
34
Growth & Competitiveness
8/9
Sources
PAREXEL Biopharmaceutical R&D Statistical Sourcebook 2012/2013 (eStats)
Hard copy accessed Mar, April, May 2013
Shanghai Rankings
Academic Ranking of World Universities 2014
http://www.shanghairanking.com/ (accessed in March 2015)
SCRIP publication
Accessed in 2015
The Economic Intelligence Unit (EIU)
Forecast Market Indicators (updated March 2013)
http://www.eiu.com/default.aspx (accessed April 2013)
United Nations: Department of Economic and Social Affairs
Population Division Database
http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm (accessed April 2013)
35
Growth & Competitiveness
9/9
Sources
World Health Organisation (WHO)
World health statistics report 2013
http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/EN_WHS2013_Full.pdf (accessed April 2013)
Word Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
WIPO Economics & Statistics Series - WIPO IP Facts and Figures 2012
http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/freepublications/en/statistics/943/wipo_pub_943_2012.pdf
(accessed April 2013)
36
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