Private Sector Issues
Chapter One
The History and Professionalism
of Private Security
1
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Goals
 The
history of private security in Rome and
England
 The history of private security in the U.S.
 The movement to achieve professionalism in
the private security industry
 College programs in private security
 Current ethical standards in the private
security industry
2
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Introduction
 The
word “Security” comes from the Latin
word “securus” a compound word
 “se” that means without
 “cura” which means care
 In English means “without care”, “free from
care”, “free from danger” or “safe”
 Read the remainder of the “Introduction” on
page 2
3
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Early Development of Private Security
 Early
“policing” had always been private
matter
 Citizens were responsible for protecting
themselves and maintaining order in society
 Modern style police departments did not
appear until the 14th Century in France and
not until the 19th Century in England
4
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Early Development of Private Security
 Throughout
history people have banded
together as a means to protect themselves
 Milton says the first security officer may have
been the nomadic shepherd:
 As man domesticated animals he needed to
protect them
 One of the community would assume the
task of guardian
5
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Early Development of Private Security
 As
time evolved these people developed
weapons, built barriers around dwellings and
devised codes of conduct to protect
themselves
 The idea that people have the right to protect
their property and themselves has been with
us since the beginning of time
 Later people would expect the government in
the form of public police to fill this need
6
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in Ancient Rome
 Private
security was accomplished by the military
and individual citizens
 Violence was common in Rome and wealthy
people used slaves or gladiators to defend
themselves and their property
 Citizens enforced the law by arresting and
punishing offenders
 Watches were formed to protect to town at night
from enemies
7
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in Ancient Rome
 Roman
citizens, made citizens arrests, served in
local patrols, chained slaves to entrances, used
body guards and enlisted animals (dogs and
geese) as protectors
 They also developed secure entrance doors, the
Bard locking devise and the padlock
 In the 5th Century, Rome created the first
specialized investigative unit called “Questors” or
“Trackers of Murder”
8
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in England
 The
U.S. system of law and security was
borrowed from the English
 At first the “Feudal System” provided security for
citizens
 Law enforcement was the duty of all citizens
 Some individuals were responsible for
enforcing the law and keeping the peace
9
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in England
 Prior
to the formation of Police Departments
there were individuals called “Thief Takers”
which operated as kind of a private police during
the 1600s to 1800s in England and France
 In 1693 Parliament established a monetary
reward for the capture of any highwayman
 The “Thief Taker” was paid upon conviction and
also awarded the thief’s possessions
10
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in England
 This
system was later extended to cover all
crimes and “Thief Takers” were awarded rewards
based on the seriousness of the offense (Bounty
Hunters)
 Sometimes criminals would agree to become
“Thief Takers” as a way to receive a pardon from
their crimes
 Dangerous, retaliation, setups, and it was
suspected in created more crime than it solved
11
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in England
 Jonathan
Wild was a criminal who worked the
system by charged a fee for locating a persons
stolen property
 His “Thief Taking” actions led to the execution of
many felons
 His abuses of the system eventually caused his
death
12
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in England
 Henry
Fielding is credited with laying the
foundations for the first modern private
investigative agency
 Fielding lived when crime was very high in
London and was appointed as a magistrate
 Fielding attempted to reduce crime in the area
by working with local pawnshops, giving them
descriptions of stolen items and asking them to
report if these items made it to their shops
13
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in England
 Through
this Fielding created the first known
official crime reports
 He shared these reports with Constables and
formed an investigative unit called “The Bow
Street Runners” who operated as “Thief Takers”
(not paid by public funds)
 In 1763 Fielding’s “Bow Street Runners” were
paid and the services were expanded to include
patrol duites
14
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in England
 The
Industrial Revolution created many new
businesses and these businesses created their
own rules, regulates and laws to be enforced by
their own private security
 The Industrial Revolution also created a change
in the social patterns and the creation of a
government sponsored security force was
debated
15
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in England
 Citizens
opposed a police force for two reasons:
 Citizens felt a police force would threaten their
tradition of freedom
 There was already private policing and didn’t
want to spend any more public money
16
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in England
 In
1828, Sir Robert Peel, drafted the first police
bill, the Act for Improving the Police in and near
the Metropolis (the Metropolitan Police Act) and
it was passed by Parliament in 1829
 Created the first large scale (1,000 men),
uniformed, organized (along military lines), paid,
civil police force in London
 But private security was still used to provide
protection and recover stolen property
17
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
Colonial Experience
 The Colonists protected themselves with help
from the militia
 The Colonists recreated the English system of
the Sheriff who was the most important law
enforcement official in the county he enforced
the law, collected taxes, supervised elections,
but was not paid, but collected money from
arrests
18
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
Colonial Experience
 In cities the Town Marshal was the chief law
enforcement official
 He was aided by constables and night
watchmen
19
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
Colonial Experience
 1631, Boston creates first Colonial Watch
 1658, New Amsterdam (NYC) replaces
voluntary citizen patrol with 8 paid watchmen,
described as idle, drunken, sleepers who
never quelled any crime
 When there was a problem the governor
called in the Militia
20
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
18th and 19th Centuries
 The first organized, paid, public police
department was created in Boston 1838
 NYC in 1845 and Philadelphia 1854
 By 1861 Chicago, New Orleans, Cincinnati,
Baltimore, Newark…had police departments
 Constables and Sheriff were released from
their patrol duties
21
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
18th and 19th Centuries
 But these police departments did not live up
to their expectations, corruption,
complacency, confusion, sloth and brutality
 They were overwhelmed and could not
provide important services like detection and
recovery of stolen goods
 Led to the reliance on private policing and
rewards (Thief Takers)
22
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
18th and 19th Centuries
 The modern U.S. private security industry
owes much of its origins to Allan Pinkerton
 Deputy Sheriff in Cook County, Illinois
 First Detective Chicago Police Department
 Special U.S. Mail Agent
 Opened his own private detective agency in
the early 1850s
23
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
18th and 19th Centuries
 The Pinkerton National Detective Agency
 Trademark “The Eye that Never Sleeps” led
to the label of “Private Eye” for Private
investigators
 Hired by railroads to patrol trains and set
up security systems
24
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
18th and 19th Centuries
 The Pinkerton National Detective Agency
 Surveilled suspects, conducted undercover
operations, examined handwriting samples,
created centralized criminal identification
records, networked with other law
enforcement agencies, (Scotland Yard and
the French Surete) hired female agents,
created a code of ethics (no gratuities,
separate from politics)
25
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
18th and 19th Centuries
 The Pinkerton Protective Patrol
 Provided watchmen for businesses and
private individuals
 Protected President Lincoln
 Gathered military intelligence
 Participated in labor disputes
26
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
18th and 19th Centuries
 The Rocky Mountain Detective Agency
 Apprehended bank and train robbers, cattle
thieves, murders
 Wells, Fargo and Co. & American Express Co.
 Transported bank documents, gold, mail
and hunted down thieves
27
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
18th and 19th Centuries
 In 1865 the Railroad Police Acts were passed
in many states which gave the railroad
industry the right to establish a proprietary
security force
 Protected the tracks, trains, freight, stations,
passengers…
 In the early 1900s they numbered 14,000
28
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
18th and 19th Centuries
 Following the railroads lead, other private
businesses created their own proprietary
security force
 They were often used to break up strikes and
these confrontations became violent
 In 1892, 300 armed Pinkerton strikebreakers
were defeated by strikers at the Carnegie
Steelworks in Homestead, Pennsylvania
29
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
18th and 19th Centuries
 Investigations by Congress of these private
investigative agencies led to many states
passing laws which prevented armed
mercenaries from crossing their borders
 Businesses again established their own
security forces
30
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
18th and 19th Centuries
 During the westward expansion there were
few laws and fewer individuals to enforce the
laws concerning gold mining, cattle theft…
 To stop these crimes citizens formed vigilante
groups and private businessmen created their
own security forces
31
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
18th and 19th Centuries
 1880s Wyoming Cattle Growers Association
fought cattle rustling
 New Mexico armed men formed to protect
individual cattle herds
 Texas employed Home Rangers authorized by
the Governor to shoot on sight
32
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
18th and 19th Centuries
 In the east businesses began to form
associations to help them deal with common
problems
 1883 New York Jewelers formed the Jewelers’
Security Alliance to advise jewelers and police
about jewelry related crimes
33
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
18th and 19th Centuries
 Advancements in technology
 1850s Holmes invented the first electronic
burglar alarm
 1859 Brinks formed a freight and package
delivery service, later delivered payrolls,
invented armored car service and alarm
services
34
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
18th and 19th Centuries
 Advancements in technology
 1874 telegraph delivery services created
American District Telegraph Company
(ADT)
35
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
18th and 19th Centuries
 The rise of private security in the 19th Century
 Ineffective public police protection
 Increased crimes against expanding
railroads
 Increased industrialization which led to
mounting conflict between factory owners
and their workers
36
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
20th Century and the New Millennium
 There is still a need for security services
 Rapidly increasing industrialization
 Need to address labor and management
problems
37
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
20th Century and the New Millennium
 1909 William J Burns
 U.S. Secret Service Investigator
 Greatest detective in the U.S. produced
 Counterfeiters, land frauds and corrupt
civil service leaders
 Director the Bureau of Investigations (FBI)
 Like by public, disliked by unions
38
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
20th Century and the New Millennium
 U.S. industry still employed private security to
prevent crimes, fight labor unions and strikes
and infiltrate unions
 Pre and during WWII (supplying England and
France) expanded businesses and the need for
security
39
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
20th Century and the New Millennium
 As the U.S. entered into WWII there was a
need for increased security for national
defense to guarded against sabotage and
espionage
40
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
20th Century and the New Millennium
 Department of Defense’s “Industrial Security
Manual”
 Businesses had to incorporate security
measures to receive government contracts
 Designated “Security Officers”
 Plant watchmen were into the U.S. Army as
part of the military police (200,000)
41
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
20th Century and the New Millennium
 The Korean War and “Cold War” led to:
 Establishment of Industrial Defense
Program
 Regulates security for 11,000 defense
related facilities
42
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
20th Century and the New Millennium
 After WWII improved and professionalized
methods of private security developed
 1955 the American Society for Industrial
Security (ASIS) was created as the first
professional association for private security
professionals
 Businesses began to develop comprehensive
security plans
43
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
20th Century and the New Millennium
 Security consulting firms emerged
 Wackenhut
 Companies banded together to share
information, “Hot Lists” and “Alerts”
 Remember the Jewelry Security Alliance
 National Auto Theft Bureau (now NICB)
44
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
20th Century and the New Millennium
 In the 1960s and 70s the airlines experienced
a new threat which resulted in the creation of
airline screening of passengers
 With businesses operating globally there was
now the threat of terrorism and kidnapping of
corporate executives and their families
 General Motors had a security force of 4,200
45
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
20th Century and the New Millennium
 Many individual studies on private security
became known as the Hallcrest Report
 U.S. business lose about $114 billion/year
to crime
 Government at all levels pay for private
security services
 Private individuals pay for private security
46
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
20th Century and the New Millennium
 The Hallcrest Report
 1.5 million people were employed per year
by private security
 Average rate of growth in private security is
2.3% (average rate of growth for U.S.
workforce 1.2%)
47
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
20th Century and the New Millennium
 The Hallcrest Report (reasons for the increase)
 Increase in crime in the workplace
 Increase in fear of crime
 Limitations on public protection imposed by
the fiscal crisis
 Increased public and business and the use of
more cost effective private security
48
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Private Security in the U.S.
 The
20th Century and the New Millennium
 The NCVS shows a decrease in crime
 Demographic changes in the ages of the
highest crime committing age groups
 Increased incarceration of high rate
offenders
 More aggressive policing, record keeping
and predicting of crime trends
49
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Professionalization of Private Security
 Historically
there has been a lack of
professionalism in the private industry in terms of
certification, training, employment standards and
ethics
 In 1955 a group of security professionals created
the American Society for Industrial Security (ASIS)
to address the above shortcomings
50
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Professionalization of Private Security
 The
ASIS had taken great strides:
 By 1980 it had 13,000 members in 122 chapters
 Publish a magazine “Security Management”
 Certified 1,700 individuals as “Certified
Protection Professionals”
 Sponsored research, education and scholarships
 Sought out by the federal government to advise
Homeland Security professionals
51
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Professionalization of Private Security
 ASIS
has three certifications
 “Certified Protection Professional”
 Security Management
 “Professional Certified Investigator”
 Case management, evidence collection and
case prevention
52
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Professionalization of Private Security
 ASIS
has three certifications
 “Physical Security Professional”
 Conduct threat surveys and design and
operate integrated security systems including
equipment, procedures, and people
53
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Professionalization of Private Security
 ASIS
International has partnered with the
Wharton School of Business at the University of
Pennsylvania to offer a two week program for
security executives
 This program is designed for chief security officers
and high level security managers ans is taught by
senior faculty
54
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Professionalization of Private Security
 One
area that is still a concern is the quality of
selection, training and performance of security
officers
 Proprietary officers (those hired by the company)
are better trained and qualified than contract
officers (those hired out to individual employers)
 Most states require less than 8 hours of pre
employment training
55
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Professionalization of Private Security
 Several
Bills have been introduced to address this
concern
 1991 Gore Bill, 1993 Sundquist and Martinez Bill
 But none passed at the federal level
 However, many states have addressed this
issue
56
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Professionalization of Private Security
 In
2004, President Bush signed the “Intelligence
Reform Bill and the 9-11 Implementation Bill
 Includes the Private Security Officer Employment
Authorization Act of 2004 which gives employers
the ability to request criminal background checks
from the FBI’s database for applicants and holders
of security positions
 Allows for better hiring decisions
57
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

College Education and Private Security
 In
1976 only 5 colleges in the U.S. offered
bachelor’s degrees in private security
 By 1990 46 colleges offered bachelor’s degrees
and 14 offered masters degrees
 Today there are PhD programs
 College education along with certification
programs are becoming more important in today’s
private security
58
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Ethics and Private Security
 “Ethics”
is the practical normative study of the
rightness and wrongness of human conduct
 “Basic Ethics” is the broad moral principles that
govern all conduct
 “Applied Ethics” focus these broad principles on
specific applications
 Ethics are extremely important in the private
security profession
59
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Ethics and Private Security
 The
Greek philosopher Aristotle in his writings of
Nicomachean Ethics, stated that
 “every art and every inquiry and similarly every
action and choice is thought to aim at some
good”
 Do we say this as “do the right thing”
60
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Ethics and Private Security
 Ethical
Conduct of Security Firms & Employees
 Private security organizations have issued their
own “Code of Ethics” to guide members of their
organizations
 Review the ASIS International Code of Ethics
on page 24, exhibit 1.7
 Review the Securitas Values Statement on page
25, exhibit 1.8
61
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Ethics and Private Security
 Ethical
Issues Endemic to the Security Industry
 The Law Commission of Canada has four core
principles that should support democratic
policing
 Justice (treated fairly and respected)
 Equality (is this a security principle?)
 Accountability (is this a security principle?)
 Efficiency
62
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Ethics and Private Security
 Ethical
Issues Endemic to the Security Industry
 Equality?
 Police serve the public at large, security serves
a specific client
 Police are reactive apprehending criminals after
the crime, private security is proactive, focused
on preventing crimes and incidents
63
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Ethics and Private Security
 Ethical
Issues Endemic to the Security Industry
 Accountable?
 Private security officers are not accountable
because they are not bound by the decisions of
the U.S. Supreme Court regarding civil liberties
issues such the Miranda decision
 Should private security organizations be self
regulating?
64
The History & Professionalization
of Private Security

Ethics and Private Security
 Ethical
Issues Endemic to the Security Industry
 Think of the ethical issues involved in
Moonlighting?
 When off duty police officers act as private
security officers they are often caught in ethical
dilemmas: enforce the law or enforce the
interests of their temporary employer?
 Extra employment restrictions?
65