1/29 3rd
 Did you study for this test?
 Today:
 Go over tests
 Finish signing up for USA Test Prep
 Start practice for the Keystone Exam
 Amazing! Giant waterlillies in the
Amazon - The Private Life of Plants David Attenborough - BBC wildlife
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=igkjcu
w_n_U
 http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00lxtl
2
In the book…
 Use the book starting on page 225 to fill
out your packet UP TO #5
1/28 ATB
 What is ATP used for? How many
phosphates does ATP have?
 Objectives:
 Start new chapter!
 Never mind the above! Review for the
keystones!
1/30 ATB – 3rd
 REVIEW: Give an example of a
prokaryotic organism
 Today:
 Keystone practice
 Tomorrow - Start the chapter on
photosynthesis
Google Search: USA Test
Prep
 Click “creating an account” under the first search result
 The Account ID = stroudsburg94
 The Activation Code = stu1483
 Fill out the account information
 Print your LOGIN information when given the option.
DON’T LOSE THIS (Tape this to your folder or
something)
 Then click “class” and click “+join class”
 THEN, wait until I say go to assignments
1/27 Computer Lab
 Login to USA Test Prep
 Choose “join a class” at the bottom left of
the home screen and also choose your
class
 Yes, you want to “ADD ASSIGNMENTS”
 Then click “Assignment 1” and start the
practice.
1/30 ATB
 What is a heterotroph?
 Today:
 Continue filling out pages 2-5 in your packet
 Starts at page 225
2/7 ATB (3rd)
 What is a heterotroph? (Look in your notes)
 As soon as you finish the ATB start using the
book (starting on page 225) to fill out your
note packet to page 5.
 You must be working.
 At 9:20 we will start going over the notes
Directions
 Use the book starting on page 225 to fill
out pages 2-4 in your packet
 Also answer the review questions on
page 5
2/4 ATB
 Which has more energy – shorter or
longer wavelengths?
 Today:
 Go over the notes
 Start photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Chapter 6
Chemical Energy and ATP
 What are some forms of energy?
 Light, heat, electricity, chemical energy
 Chemical energy – energy is stored in the bonds
 ATP = cell energy
 Heterotroph / consumers –
 Organisms that must eat other organism to obtain
food
 Where does most of the energy in food
molecules originate?
 Sun
 Autotrophs / Producers –
 Organisms that use sunlight OR chemical bonds
to make glucose
 Autotrophs are important because they
change light energy into chemical energy
 Sugar and starches
 Photosynthesis
 Process of using energy in light to create
high energy carbohydrates
 Photo = “light”
 Synthesis = “putting together”
 Review:
 Three momomers of carbohydrates =
glucose, fructose, galactose
 C6H12O6
2/10 3rd
 Which has more energy, short or long
wavelengths?
 Today:
 Finish discussing light wavelengths
 Discuss the equation for photosynthesis
Sunlight
– the energy
source
Sunlight appears white – but it’s actually
composed of many different wavelengths


Different wavelengths have different amounts
of energy


Shorter wavelengths = more energy
Longer wavelengths = less energy
 Pigment –
 Compounds that absorb light
 light they don’t absorb is reflected =
color we see
 Why does the fire blanket case appear
red?
Photosynthetic Pigments
 What is the main photosynthetic pigment?
 Chlorophyll
 Typically green or blue green
 (Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b)
 What are the accessory pigments?
 Carotenoids - pigments that assist the chlorophyll in
the absorption of light
 When do you see carotenoids?
 Fall
 These are usually masked by the higher amount
of chlorophyll pigments (see them in the fall
when chlorophyll breaks down)
 Carotenoids: Orange / yellow pigments
Light Absorption
 Look at the graph: What colors does a plant
primarily use for photosynthesis?
 Plants primarily use blues / violet and red light
for photosynthesis (not green)
 This graph shows the light wavelengths
that the carotenoids absorb
 Notice they absorb no orange / yellow light
wavelengths
 Bill Nye The Science Guy on Light Bending & Bouncing (Full Clip)
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fD1544bM_c4
 Light and Colour Bill Nye
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtgBHsSzCPE&feature=related
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtgBHsSzCPE
 Bill Nye the Science Guy - "Light and Colour" (music video)
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M2wDLePcCQU&feature=related
Why is the sky blue?
 Is it always blue?
 When?
 Why Is the Sky Blue?
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4hwaXiQmc
 Science Please!! Why is the sky blue?
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJnsB3wTi
tw
2/11 ATB
 What is the function of chlorophyll and
the caratenoids? (look in your notes)
 Today:
 Note packet – page 6
 Discuss the equation for photosynthesis
Review:
 Where does all of the energy in an ecosystem
come from (important keystone question)?
 The sun
 What is the exception?
 Deep sea vents – chemosynthetic bacteria
 Which organisms are able to access the
sun’s energy to make food?
 Plants
 What is the point of photosynthesis?
 To use light to create food (carbohydrates –
glucose, fructose, galactose)
Review cont’d
1. Which wavelengths of light have more energy?
1. Shorter (purple, blue)
2. What is a pigment?
1. Substance that absorbs light
3. What is the difference between an autotroph and
heterotroph?
1. Hetertrophs must consume organisms for food,
autotrops make food.
4. How many phosphates are in ATP?
1. three
5. How does ATP release energy?
1. By breaking a phosphate bond.
Photosynthesis
Overview
Keystone Exam
 An important idea that you need to
understand is how energy is transformed
in photosynthesis and during cell
respiration.
 Using what you already know, how do
plants transform energy?
Photosynthesis Overview
 What is needed for photosynthesis?
 Light, Water and CO2
 What happens?
 The Light Energy converts Water (H20) and
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) into Oxygen (O2) and
glucose (C6H12O6)
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
(don’t write this one down)
 What do plants need to grow?
 Sun
 Water
 CO2
 This produces sugar and oxygen
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
(write this one down)
 6 CO2 + 6 H20  C6H12O6 +
6 O2
Think! What does the large 6 in front of the molecules mean? What
do the subscripts after certain elements mean?
Where does photosynthesis
occur?
 In the leaves of plants!
 Which organelle?
 Chloroplast
 Membrane bound organelle where photosynthesis takes
place.
Parts of a
chloroplast
 Parts of a chloroplast
 Thylakoids  Flattened sacs where photosynthesis occurs –
surrounded by a membrane
 Grana –
 Stacks of thylakoids
 Stroma –
 Solution that surrounds
the grana
 What organelle is involved in photosynthesis?
 Chloroplast
Outer membrane Inner Membrane
Granum
Thylakoid
Thylakoid Stroma
Membrane
Chloroplast
Review
Where does
photosynthesis occur?
 Occurs in the
leaves of
plants in
organelles
called
chloroplasts.
What do we know about photosynthesis?
 What is photosynthesis?
 What type of organisms use it?
 In which organelle?
 What reactants are needed?
 What is produced?
 Photosynthesis Review Continued:
 What are the 3 monomers of a carbohydrate?
 Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
 What was the chemical formula for these
monosaccharide's?
 C6H12O6
 Many monosaccharide's liked together form what?
 Polysaccharides / carbohydrates
 Photosynthetic sea slug
 Elysia Chlorotica: A Sap-Sucking, Solar-Powered Sea Slug
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pAMP8erryKE
 Sea slug intro
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQNIpW0LlsU
 Amazing Photosynthetic Animals
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcX2n1rC4W4
 Venus fly trap - The Private Life of Plants - David
Attenborough - BBC wildlife
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktIGVtKdgwo
Review (again)
1. Describe photosynthesis
1. Process of using light to create food
2. What is the food that photosynthesis creates?
1. Glucose (and fructose and galactose)
3. Glucose is a (lipid, carbohydrate, nucleic acid or protein)?
1. carbohydrate
4. What are the two main pigments used for photosynthesis?
1. Chlorophyll and carotenoids
5. What is the main organelle that carries out photosynthesis?
1. Chloroplst
6. What is the formula for glucose?
1. C6H12O6
7. What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
1. Water, carbon dioxide and light energy
8. What are the products?
1. Glucose and oxygen
2/7 ATB
 What are the two products of
photosynthesis?
 Objectives:
 Finish describing the light reactions (get out
your note packet – page 7-8)
 Photosynthesis and the Light Reactions
 Book assignment / homework
2/12 3rd ATB
 Write the equation for photosynthesis (use
your notes!)
 Today:
 Notes, page 6-7
 Review the chloroplast
 Discuss the two reactions in photosynthesis
 Book assignment!
 Review:
 What organelle is involved in photosynthesis?
 Chloroplast
Outer membrane Inner Membrane
Granum
Thylakoid
Thylakoid Stroma
Membrane
Quick Review
1. What are the products of photosynthesis?
2. What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
3. What absorbs the suns light in
photosynthesis?
4. What organelle is photosynthesis occurring?
Two Stages of Photosynthesis
 Light Dependent Reactions
 Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
LIGHT
DEPENDANT
REACTIONS
2/19 ATB (3rd)
 What captures the suns energy in the
chloroplast?
 Today:
 Review the light dependent reactions
 Discuss the light independent reactions
 Homework that we started last Wednesday –
due tomorrow
 Page 228 - #1A, #1C and #2
 Page 234 - #1-3 all
Light Dependant Reactions



Occurs on thylakoid membrane inside the chloroplast.
Chlorophyll absorbs light and electrons get excited and
flow on the electron transport chain
Energy in excited electrons is used to create NADPH and
ATP
 These are temporary energy carrier molecules
NADP+ =
nicotinamide
adenine
dinucleotide
phosphate (no
you don’t need to
remember this)

Water is needed to donate an electron




This also releases O2.
Hydrogen is also released
This abundance of hydrogen ions creates a
concentration gradient is used to create ATP
ATP and NADPH are then used to create
glucose in the Calvin Cycle
Light Reactions
Light Reactions
• What happens during step # 1 above?
• Chlorophyll absorbs light energy and
electrons become excited
• (e- begin to move to the electron transport
chain = ETC)
• What happens during steps # 2-3 above?
• The excited electrons move through the proteins of
the ETC
• H+ ions move into the thylakoid
• What happens during step # 4 above?
• Light excites electrons on Photosystem I
(accessory pigments)
Light Reactions
• What happens between steps 4 and 5
above?
• The excited electrons move through
the proteins of the ETC
• What happens during step # 5 above?
• NADP+, H+ and an 2 e- are combined to
form NADPH
Book Assignment
 Page 228
 #1A, #1C and #2
 Page 234
 #1-3 all
 You may write TWO names on one paper
 If you do not complete this then each person must
complete on own page as homework (due
Monday)
Assignment: Use your notes to answer
the following review questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
What is the difference between an heterotroph and an autotroph?
What does ATP stand for? What is it used for?
What is the point of photosynthesis?
Why / how do we see colors?
Write the equation for photosynthesis
In what organelle does photosynthesis take place?
What are the two reactions of photosynthesis?
In which part of the chloroplast does the light reactions take place?
What happens on the chlorophyll when it is hit by light?
What are the substances produced from the light reactions?
Once the electron is excited by sunlight, what does it move down?
2/10 ATB
 What two substances are produced in the
LIGHT DEPENDANT REACTIONS?
 Objectives:
 Finish discussion on light dependent
reactions
 Review LDR
 Turn in homework
 Quiz Friday
 What organelle is involved in photosynthesis?
 Chloroplast
 Label the structures
Outer membrane Inner Membrane
Granum
Thylakoid
Thylakoid Stroma
Membrane
Light Reactions Review
 Where do the light reactions occur?
 Thylakoid membrane
 What is required for the light dependent reactions to occur?
 Sunlight and water
 What happens when the chlorophyll is hit by sunlight?
 Light is absorbed and electrons get excited
 What is produced from the light reactions?
 NADPH and ATP
 How are the products from the light reactions used in the Calvin
Cycle?
 Energy from NADPH and ATP used to build glucose
2/20 ATB 3rd
 What are the reactants that are needed
for the light dependent reactions?
 Today:






Turn in you book assignment
Notes, page 9
Go over the light dependent reactions
Discuss the calvin cycle
Note summary assignment
Quiz Tuesday
Summary
Explain what’s going on with protons above:
1. _____
H2O splits apart producing PROTONS,
electrons, and oxygen.
2. Protons can only leave the thylakoid through an
ATP
producing carrier protein The movement
_____________________________.
of protons through this carrier protein provides the
energy needed to form _____
ATP from __________.
ADP + P
3. Some of the
protons are pumped
back into the
thylakoid and some
are used to make
NADPH
________ from
NADP+ and H+.
 Write a narrative explaining what
happens during the light reactions.
Include the following: sunlight,
thylakoid membrane, chlorophyll,
electrons, water, electron transport
chain, protons, oxygen, ATP,
•
•
•
•
•
Light strikes the chlorophyll in the thylakoid membrane.
• This excites electrons and the move down the etransport chain.
Water is split in this process to provide e- and protons,
and the oxygen is released to the environment.
Energy from the excited e- is used to move protons
(hydrogen ions) into the thylakoid.
This build up of hydrogen is used to create ATP with the
help of a protein.
Finally the electron joins with NADP+ and H+ to form
NADPH.
Light
Dependent
Rxns
Overview of Light Rxns
LIGHT DEPENDANT RXNS Summary
 INPUTS
 Light (to excite e-)
 Water
 = electron donor
 split into 2 hydrogen's, 2
electrons, oxygen
 (ADP
  converted into ATP)
 OUTPUTS
 Oxygen
 NADPH – goes to
Calvin cycle
 ATP - goes to the
Calvin cycle
Summary of Light Rxns.
 What goes into the light reactions (INPUTS)?
 Light, Water
 What is produced from the light reactions
(OUTPUTS)?
 Oxygen
 ATP
 NADPH
Light Reaction
Summary
Why did we produce the NADH and ATP?
 Light Reactions Animation
 http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flas
hanimat/metabolism/photosynthesis.swf
 How ATP Snythase works
 http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flas
hanimat/metabolism/atpsyn1.swf
Light dependant reactions
 Animation clips…
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BK_cjd
6Evcw
2/21 ATB
 What 3 parts is water broken down into during
the light reactions? What are the parts used for?
 2 Hydrogen ions  used to create to make ATP
 2 e-  enter the e- transport chain
 Oxygen  released into the atmosphere
 Today:
 Continue the discussion of the light reactions
 Introduce the dark reactions
 Quiz Tomorrow (review at end of class)
2/11 ATB
 2/11  What is the function of ATP and
NADPH in the calvin cycle?
 Today:
 Finish discussing the light dependent reactions
 Go over the Calvin Cycle
 Wednesday  Review both cycles. Online
assignment
 Thursday  Review light dependent rxn / calvin
cycle
 Friday  Quiz
2/21 ATB 3rd
 What are the 3 substances produced by the
light independent reactions?
 Today:
 Review the light independent / light dependent
reactions
 Packet – page 10
 Monday – online assignment
Review:
Definition (not the equation): Reactants =
Products =
Where?
Light dependent
rxns.
purpose of
H2O?
LIGHT
INDEPENDANT
REACTIONS /
CALVIN CYCLE
Calvin Cycle - Overview
 Cycle in which plants use enzymes to
produce sugars from CO2, ATP and
NADPH
 Occurs in the stroma of chloroplast
 Does not need light
 but usually happens during the day
Calvin Cycle cont’d
 NADPH and ATP produced in the
light reactions are used to create
carbohydrates using CO2
 The NADP+ and ADP then goes back
to the light reactions to be
“recharged”

Carbon Fixation –


process of taking in carbon from the
atmosphere to make sugars .
process of taking in carbon to make sugars
Calvin Cycle (Light independent rxns) Summary
 What were the
INPUTS from the
Light Independent
rxns?
 NADPH, ATP, CO2
 What are the
OUTPUTS
 6 carbon sugar
(glucose)
 ADP
 NADP+
Note summary assignment
Diagram – Calvin Cycle
Light
Independent
Rxns.
Summarize the Calvin
Cycle
WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
ABOUT THE CALVIN CYCLE!
 It is a “cycle” because the molecule that you end
with is also the molecule that you start with.
 Energy from ATP and NADPH (created during the
light-dependent reactions) is used to power the
Calvin Cycle.
 As ATP and NADPH are broken down, they go back
to the thylakoid and are recycled or recharged
 It is here that carbon dioxide is turned into glucose (a 6
CARBON sugar)
Calvin Cycle
 How the Calvin Cycle Works
 http://legacy.hopkinsville.kctcs.edu/sitecore/i
nstructors/JasonArnold/VLI/Module%202/m2cellfunctionande
nergetics/m2cellfunctionandenergetics10.ht
ml
Photosynthesis Songs
 Kids rapping
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6XrL9
uYJXo&feature=related
2/12 ATB
 Write the final product of photosynthesis that is produced
each reaction:
 Light dependent reactions = ?
 Calvin cycle =
 Today:
 Describe the structures of the chloroplast
 Summarize the light dependent / light independent
reactions
 Online assignment  Describe how the reactants can
limit photosynthesis
 Thursday (if we’re here)  Finish the online
assignment / Review for quiz
 Friday  Quiz on photosynthesis
Outer membrane Inner Membrane
Granum
Thylakoid
Thylakoid Stroma
Membrane
 Where do the light reactions occur?
 Thylakoid membrane
 Where do the light independent reactions occur?
 stroma
 Where are all “membrane bound organelles” made of?
 phospholipids
Fill out the diagram. Answer the questions that
follow. You may work with who you are sitting next
to
Book assignment
 Pg 240 – “ANALYZING DATA”
 #1-3
 Pg 241 – 8.3 ASSESSMENT
 #1a, 2 all, 3a
2/19 ATB
 What is the formula for glucose?
 Today:
 Online activity  factors affecting photosynthesis
 Quiz = Friday
 Test – Next Tuesday / Wednesday
2/24 3rd
 Write the reactants and products of
photosynthesis.
 Today:
 Review the light dependent and Calvin cycle
 Online assignment – factors that affect
photosynthesis
 Finish chapter / review for quiz tomorrow
 Quiz Wednesday
 Test = Friday
 Amazing Photosynthetic Animals (SciShow)
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcX2n1rC4W4
 Photosynthetic sea slug
 Elysia Chlorotica: A Sap-Sucking, Solar-Powered Sea Slug
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pAMP8erryKE
 Sea slug intro
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQNIpW0LlsU
 Venus fly trap - The Private Life of Plants - David
Attenborough - BBC wildlife
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktIGVtKdgwo
Summary of Photosynthesis (worksheet)
Answer the questions using the diagram
 Name of the process occurring in A =
 Light dependent reactions
 Name of the process occurring in B =
 Calvin cycle / light independent reactions
 Two substances produced by A =
 NADPH and ATP
 What is the purpose of these products?
 Energy molecules use to make sugars in calvin cycle
 The two substances that are returned to B =
 NADP+ and ADP
 Why must these two substances be returned to B?
 They need to be “recharged”
Online Assignment
 We will be starting this today.
 I will provide some extra time tomorrow
before the quiz review to finish it, after
that it is homework.
Limiting Factors on Photosynthesis
 What is a limiting factor ( from eco issues)?
 Something that limits / controls a population
 What are some limiting factors to photosynthesis?
 CO2, Light, H20
 If a plant is underwater, how can we indirectly see how
fast photosynthesis is occurring? (hint: think of the
products)
 Bubbles of oxygen.
 Prediction: Under what light waves will the rate
photosynthesis be the highest? Why
 Blue / Violet = shorter wavelengths
 Why do we only change one variable at a time in an
experiment?
2/20 ATB
 What are two major limiting factors of
photosynthesis?
 Today:
 Quiz review
 Assignments?
 Period 6 – online survey (laptops)
2/25 ATB 3rd
 What do plants store extra glucose as?
 Today:
 Review for quiz
 Finish online assignment
 Quiz = Tomorrow
 Test = Friday or Monday
Quiz Review
 Some of the same questions will be on the quiz in MC format
1. What are the reactants for photosynthesis?
2. What are the products of photosynthesis?
3. What captures the light energy in photosynthesis?
4. Why are leaves green?
5. What is the purpose of photosynthesis?
6. What are carotenoids used for?
7. What are the organisms called that can carry out
photosynthesis?
8. What happens to extra glucose produces during
photosynthesis?
9. Where do the light dependent reactions occur?
10.How do plants store extra glucose? As ______?_________.
11.What are ATP and NADPH used for?
12.What is ATP? Give an example of what it can be used for.
Outer membrane Inner Membrane
Granum
Thylakoid
Thylakoid Stroma
Membrane
 Where do the light reactions occur?
 Thylakoid membrane
 Where do the light independent reactions occur?
 stroma
 Where are all “membrane bound organelles” made of?
 phospholipids
Summary of Photosynthesis (worksheet)
Limiting Factors on
Photosynthesis
 The activity today allows you to manipulate
the reactants of photosynthesis to see what
affects each has on the rate of photosynthesis
 It is important to listen / follow directions so
you understand what to do.
 www.Google.com (Google “water weed
simulation” – click first link OR follow
directions on the sheet)
2/21 ATB
 What is the function of carotenoids?
 Today:
 QUIZ! (40 points)
 Online assignments due!
 When you are done – be silent!
Quiz bonus
 Describe the light dependent reactions in
as much detail as possible.
Online Assignment
 To find the webpage  Google search:
“photosynthesis table of contents”
 Hint: try using the “apple f” command to
search for answers to the questions
Summary of Photosynthesis
2/13 ATB
 Today:
 Finish waterweed simulation assignment
 Quiz review
2/27 ATB
 What is the organelle that produces
MOST of an organisms ATP (“the powerhouse”)
 Objectives:
 Finish the notes on affects on
photosynthesis
 Assignment – page 17 in the packet
 Test -- Monday
Definition (not the equation): Reactants =
Products =
Calvin Cycle
Where?
purpose of
each reactant = …
Definition (not the equation): Reactants =
Products =
Where?
Light dependent
rxns.
purpose of
H2O?
Summarizing Photosynthesis – Review
Questions:

What is needed for plants to survive (and for
photosynthesis to take place)?

What is produced in the light reactions? What is the
waste product produced?

What is the main function of the products produced
in the light reactions?

What is the main purpose of the Calvin cycle?

What are the by-products of the Calvin cycle?
Where do these by-products go after the cycle?
 Label the structures of the chloroplast:
Outer membrane
Inner Membrane
Granum
Thylakoid
ThylakoidStroma
Membrane
 Where do the light reactions take place?
 Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?
 Why do plants have more than one
pigment?
 What are organisms called that can
produce their own food?
 What are organisms called that need
other organisms for food?
2/24 ATB
 What are the two reactions in photosynthesis?
 Today:
 Finish notes on the chapter (limiting factors of
photosynthesis)
 Start working on the study guide
 Test = Wednesday
Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration
 What do plants need for photosynthesis?
(A and B)
 Sunlight, Water and Carbon dioxide
 What do plants /
animals need
for cell
respiration? (C)
 Oxygen / Carbs.
 What is the
product of cell
respiration? (D)
 ATP
How does Photosynthesis related
to Cell Respiration?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
What are the products of photosynthesis?
Which organelle in both plants and animals create ATP?
What is the main function of cell respiration? Look at the
diagram and figure it out.
What is needed in cell respiration to produce the
product?
Where do heterotrophs get the reactants for cell
respiration?
Where do autotrophs get the reactants for cell
respiration?
What are the waste products of cell respiration?
Where do the waste products of cell respiration get
reused?
Definition (not the equation): Reactants =
Products =
Calvin Cycle
Where?
purpose of
each reactant = …
Definition (not the equation): Reactants =
Products =
Where?
Light dependent
rxns.
purpose of
H2O?
Some extras?
 Extra food
 Plants make extra carbohydrates which
are stored as starch (like a potatoes)
 These carbohydrates are what
heterotrophs rely on for survival
Environmental Effects on
Photosynthesis?
 What are some possible environmental
factors that could effect photosynthesis?




Water
Light Intensity
Temperature
CO2 Levels
Water
 Raw material for
photosynthesis
 Water shortage slows or
stops photosynthesis b/c
electrons are not being
donated
 Water loss can also damage
plant tissues (plasmolysis)
 Plants that live in dry
conditions often have waxy
coatings on their leaves to
reduce water loss. They may
also have biochemical
adaptations that make
photosynthesis more efficient
under dry conditions.
Light
 High light intensity increases
the rate of photosynthesis.
 BUT, after the light intensity
reaches a certain level the
rate of photosynthesis levels
out
 Why?
 All e- transport chains, etc are at
max capacity.
CO2
 Not typically a limiting factor
Temperature
 Look at the graph: What effect does increasing
temperature have on photosynthesis?
 Photosynthesis stops around 38 deg C
 Enzymes / proteins are important for
photosynthesis function
 They function best between 0°C and 35°C.
 Above or below this range can affect the enzyme
function (it can even stop)
Alternative Photosynthetic
Pathways
 There are different methods in which plants
create carbohydrates (we discussed the most
common)
 Plants in dry climates use the C4 pathway or
CAM pathway
 Why?
 Both deal with controlling water loss
 Extra stuff: Why do cactus have “ridges”?
Worksheet: Two factors
affecting photosynthesis
 Page 19
2/28 ATB
 What would be the affect of a plant being
exposed to only green light. Why?
 Today:
 Online activity – how factors affect photosynthesis.
 Friday – book assignment and a REVIEW OF
EVERYTHING!
 Review sheet – due Tuesday
 Test Tuesday
How could we measure
how photosynthesis is
occurring?
 Hint: What is produced in photosynthesis?
 Oxygen and glucose
 Which would be easier to see or measure?
 Oxygen
 How?
 Count bubbles underwater
Waterweed Simulation




Go to biologycorner.com
Click “Biology 2 and 2A”
Click “Plants” on the left side
Click “Waterweed Simulator”
 Then follow the direction on the webpage
and your worksheet.
Summary of Photosynthesis
2/25 ATB (just write the missing
words)
 The ____________ reactions produce oxygen
and the ________________ reactions or
____________ cycle produces the glucose in
the process of ____________________.
 Objectives:
 Review for test (work on study guide, ask
questions)
 Test TOMORROW!! Study guide due!!
P
g
14
Book Assignment
 Pg 240
 “Analyzing Data” #1-3
 Pg 241 “8.3 Assessment”
 #1a, 2, 3a
 Pg 244
 #1-5, #10-14, #18-21, #26
 If you don’t finish, this assignment is
homework that is due tomorrow.
3/4 ATB
 Write the equation for photosynthesis.
 Today:
 Turn in your book assignment
 Period 8 –
 page 19 in packet – show me
 Waterweed labs – turn in




Complete page 14 in packet
Compete multiple choice practice
Complete page 17 in packet
Study guide questions?
Vocab Review Crossword
 Page 17
Photosynthesis Review
1. In which organelle does the process of
photosynthesis occur?
2. What is the main photosynthetic pigment?
3. What is the goal of photosynthesis?
4. What is the equation for photosynthesis?
5. What is the main function of the light dependent
reactions
6. What is the main function of the light independent
reactions
7. What are three factors that affect photosynthesis?
2/26
 TEST!
 Get out your study guides to turn in
 Get everything else off the desk
THE
END
3/5 ATB




TEST
Turn in your review sheets
Start on #1 on the scantron
Put your name on the test
 Grade sheet will be passed around
 Progress reports are sent home Monday
2/2 ATB
 Put the following in order:
 A – e- travels down e- transport chain
 B – Light strikes the chlorophyll
 C – Energy from e- is used to create a
hydrogen (or proton) gradient
 D – ATP and NADPH are created
 E – An e- gets excited
TODAY:
Review for test
TEST TOMORROW
ATB’s due
Study guide due
Summary
Definition (not the equation): Equation:
Where and
what organisms?
photosynthesis
stages?
2 major
C4 Photosynthesis
 C4 plants have a specialized chemical
pathway that allows them to capture even
very low levels of carbon dioxide and pass it
to the Calvin cycle.
 The name “C4 plant” comes from the fact
that the first compound formed in this
pathway contains 4 carbon atoms.
 The C4 pathway requires extra energy in
the form of ATP to function.
 C4 organisms include crop plants like corn,
sugar cane, and sorghum.
CAM Plants
 Members of the Crassulacae family, such
as cacti and succulents, incorporate
carbon dioxide into organic acids during
photosynthesis in a process called
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM).
CAM Plants
 CAM plants admit air into their leaves
only at night, where carbon dioxide is
combined with existing molecules to
produce organic acids, “trapping” the
carbon within the leaves.
 During the daytime, when leaves are
tightly sealed to prevent water loss,
these compounds release carbon
dioxide, enabling carbohydrate
production.
 CAM plants include pineapple trees,
many desert cacti, and “ice plants”.
ATP Synthesis (H+ gradient)
 Chemiosmosis
 generation of ATP
by the movement
of hydrogen ions
across a
membrane during
cellular respiration.
 If in the beginning of this process electrons got excited
and left one photosystem for another, how are the
electrons replaced? What molecule serves as the
“donor” to replace these lost electrons?
 Water
•What is the process called where
a water molecule is split by light?
_____photolysis____________
•When water is split, 2
___electrons_____, 2
___hydrogen_____ ions, and ½
__oxygen______ molecule is
produced.
•The oxygen produced by
photolysis is released into the
___atmosphere________ and
supplies the oxygen we breathe!
Photolysis – Replacing e Water broken down
 Where do the parts
go?
 e- go into etransport chain
 H+ stays inside to
form gradient (for
ATP production)
 Oxygen is released