Thursday, September 24, 2015
Agenda
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Solar system to scale video
Supermoon
Presentations
Grammar
Writing
Blood Supermoon Lunar Eclipse
To scale- phrase that means reduction
or enlargement in comparison to size
The solar system to scale
Note 1 Review from yesterday
• Direct speech
quotations
S reporting v
↙
Luisa said, “I love the Boston Red Sox.”
• Indirect speech
No quotations↙
S reporting v
Luisa said (that) she loves the Boston Red Sox.
Note 2
With told, you need an object or a listener:
object/listener
Ex. Paul told the class, “ I brought candy for
everyone.” (object or listener)
We say something, but we tell someone
something.
Be careful!
• Don’t use tell when the listener is not
mentioned.
• Johnny told that class was cancelled.
• Johnny told that class was cancelled
Note 3
Reporting indirect questions: Do not use do/
does/ did in indirect questions.
• For Yes/ no questions, use if/ whether (or
not).
Ex. Janice asked, “Do you like baseball?”
Janice asked [if we liked baseball]. Statement
word order.
Use statement word order for indirect
questions.
What are the two original questions?
• Mrs. Mason asked, “Mary, are you going to
resign?”
• or
• “Mary, are you going to resign?” asked Mrs.
Mason
• “Helen, have you talked with your boss?”
asked Sue.
• Or Sue asked, “Helen, have you talked with
your boss?
Exercise 2 pp. 182
Note 4
Use question words (wh- words) to introduce indirect questions.
Ringo asked, “Which season do you prefer?” Direct- question order
Ringo asked which season I preferred. Indirect- statement order
• Use question word order to report indirect questions about the
subject.
Ex: George asked, “What is going on here?” Direct speech
George asked what was going on there. Indirect speech
Yoko asked, “Who is going to the dance?” Direct
Yoko asked who was going to the dance. Indirect
How would you change these sentences?
*Note* who and what can be used as subjects. No need for statement
word order.
“Where is Tony?” he asked.
“What are you eating?” Tom asked Martha
“Sit down!” her mother said.
He asked where Tony was.
Tom asked Martha what she was eating.
Her mother told her to sit down.
Note 5
If the reporting verb is in the simple past
(generally it is), then the verb in the noun clause
changes.
• Imperative (commands)  infinitive
• Simple present simple past
• Present progressive  past progressive
• Simple past past perfect
• Present perfect  past perfect
Note 5
• Imperative -> infinitive: “Be careful!” Luisa said. /Luisa told us to
be careful.
• Simple present-> simple past: Yanny said, “ It is cold.”
Jenny said that it was cold./ Jenny said it was cold.
“I declare bankruptcy,” said Michael./Michael said that he declared
bankruptcy.
• Present progressive-> past progressive: “ I am preparing for the
final exam,” said Eva./ Eva said she was preparing for the final exam.
• Simple past-> Past perfect: Alex explained, “ I went to Disneyland
over the weekend./ Alex said that he had gone to Disneyland over
the weekend.
• Present perfect-> past perfect: James asked,” Have you seen the
new Cinderella movie?”/James asked if I had seen the new
Cinderella movie.
Note 6
If general truths are reported, we often do not change the verb forms
to past.
Ex. John said, "The sun rises on the East and sets on the West.”
John said that the sun rises on the East and sets on the West.
Luisa said, “ Serious students tend to ask a lot of questions in class.”
Luisa said that serious students tend to ask a lot of questions.
*When the reporting verb is in the simple present, present
progressive, present perfect, or the future, the verb in the noun clause
doesn’t change.
She has said, “I want to marry you, George Clooney.”
She has said that she wants to marry George Clooney.
Mother will tell them, “Get out of my house.”
Mother will tell them to get out of her house.
Note 7
Certain modals change in indirect speech.
Can -> could: “I can meet you at the park.”/ He said he could meet me at
the park.
May-> might: “I may need your help moving this weekend.”/ She said she
might need my help moving this weekend.
Must-> had to: “It must be difficult to leave your country.”/ Luisa said it
had to be difficult to leave my country.
Will-> would: Jane said, “I will be late.” / Jane said that she would be late.
(Let’s assume that this was said earlier in the morning, but it is now 1 P.M.
Maggie said, “I will send you the money next week.”/ Maggie said she will
send me the money next week. (The money hasn’t been sent yet. Let’s
assume it’s Tuesday and the reported speech was said on Thursday, but
the money will be sent on the following Monday)
• Certain modals do not change in indirect speech.
• Could, might, should, would.
• “I could go with you if you want,” said Evelyn. / Evelyn said she could
go with me if I wanted.
• “ Would you like some ice-cream?” asked the waitress./ The waitress
asked if I would like some ice-cream.
Note 8
• Certain other words change in indirect speech. Unless
you are talking about the same place, same time and
same thing, it changes.
Ex: Jim asked, “Have you read this article?”
Jim asked if I had read that article. (Here, you are
reporting to another person who does not know the
same information that you and Jim both know, so it
changes).
Conan said,” I love it here in Cuba.”
Conan said that he loved it there in Cuba. (The speaker
and the listener are not in Cuba, only Conan is. The
speaker is simply reporting what Conan said).
Listening pp. 187