GUIA DE ESTUDIO ESPANOL 7 GRADO
GREETINGS AND POLITE EXPRESSIONS
Buenos días: Good morning.
Buenas tardes: Good afternoon.
Buenas noches: Good nigth; Good evening.
Hola: Hi
Cómo estás? How are you?
Cómo está usted? How are you?
Estoy bien/ mal/ más o menos. I’m fine/ not so good / so-so.
De dónde eres? De dónde es usted? Where are you from?
Soy de…. I’m from…
Estados Unidos: United States
Adiós: Goodbye.
Hasta luego: See you later.
Hasta mañana: See you tomorrow.
Hasta pronto: See you soon.
Nos vemos: See you.
Tengo que irme: I have to go.
Cómo te llamas? Cómo se llama usted? What’s your name?
Me llamo… Mi nombre es… My name is…
Yo soy… I’m…
Quién es…? Who is..?
Cómo se llama (él, ella)? What is (his, her) name?
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
Yo
I
Tú
You
Usted
You
El
He
Ella
She
Nosotros
We
Nosotras
We (all female)
Vosotros
you
Vosotras
you (all female)
Ustedes
You
Ellos
They
Ellas
They (all female)
PRESENT TENSE OF SER
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Yo
soy
I am
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Tú
eres
You are
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Usted/él/ella
es
He is, she is
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Nosotros/as
somos
We are
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Vosotros/as
sois
You are
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Uds./ellos/ellas
son
They are
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Uses of ser
To identify people and things
To express possession, with the preposition de.
To express origin, using the preposition de.
TELLING TIME
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To ask what time is it, use Qué hora es? When telling time, use es la with un and son las with all
other hours.
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As in English, you express time from the hour to the half-hour by adding minutes.
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You may use either y cuarto or y quince to express fifteen minutes or quarter past the hour.
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To ask at what time a particular event takes place, use the phrase A qué hora….? To state at
what time something takes place, use the construction a la(s) + time.
DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES
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Adjectives are words that describe people, places, and things. In Spanish descriptive adjectives
are often used with the verb ser to point out the characteristics or qualities of nouns or pronouns, such
as nationality, size, color, shape, personality, and appearance.
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The form of descriptive adjectives agree in gender and/or number with the nouns or pronouns
they describe. Juan es simpático
Elena es simpático
Ellos son simpáticos.
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Adjectives that end in –o have four different forms. The feminine singular is formed by changing
the –o to –a. The plural is formed by adding –s to the singular forms. El muchacho alto
Los muchachos altos
La muchacha alta
Las muchachas altas
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Adjectives that end in –er or a consonant have the same masculine and feminine forms. El
muchacho inteligente
La muchacha inteligente.
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Adjectives that end in –or are variable in both gender and number.
El hombre trabajador
La mujer trabajadora
Los hombres trabajadores
Las mujeres trabajadoras
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Descriptive adjectives and adjectives of nationality generally follow the nouns the modify. El
niño rubio es de España.
La mujer Española habla Inglés.
NOUNS AND ARTICLES
Words that identify persons, places, or objects are called nouns.
There are many clues that will help you identify the gender of a noun.
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Most nouns ending in –o or those denoting male persons are masculine: el libro, el hombre.
Most nouns ending in –a or those denoting female persons are feminine: la mujer, la mesa. Some
common exceptions are: el dia (day) and el mapa, which are masculine.
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Many person nouns have corresponding masculine –o and feminine –a forms:
amiga
el niño/la niña
el amigo/la
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Most masculine nouns ending in a consonante simply add –a to form the feminine.
profesor/ la profesora
el español/la española
el
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Certain person nouns use the same form for masculine and feminine, but the article used will
show the gender.
El estudiante/la estudiante
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Most nouns ending in –ad and –ion are feminine.
La universidad
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Most nouns ending in –ema are masculine.
el problema
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la nación
el poema
Nouns that end in a vowel form the plural by adding –s
mesa / mesas
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Nouns that end in a consonant add –es.
mujer / mujeres
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Nouns that end in a –z change the z to c in the plural.
lápiz / lapices
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When the last syllable of a word that ends in a consonant has an accent mark, the accent is no
longer needed in the plural.
lección / lecciones
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Indefinite articles (a, an, some) also agree with the noun they modify. Un and unas are
equivalent to some or a few.
Masculine: un / unos
Feminine:
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una/unas
Definite articles : The
Masculine: el / los
Feminine: la / las
PRESENT TENSE OF _ar VERBS
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The infinitive in Spanish is a one-word form and can be recognized by its endings: -ar, -er, or –ir
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To create the forms of most regular verbs in Spanish, you drop the infinitive endings (-ar, -er, ir)
You then add to the stem the endings that correspond to the different subject pronouns.
Ejemplo:
Yo
Hablar
hablo
Tú
hablas
El
habla
Nosotros
hablamos
Vosotros
habláis
Ellos
hablan
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In Spanish, as in English, when two verbs are used together with no change of subject, the
second verb is generally in the infinitive.
Deseo hablar español.
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To make a sentence negative in Spanish, the word no is placed before the conjugated verb. In
this case, no means not. Ellos no miran la television.
e articles to refer to specific nouns.
PRESENTTENSE OF _er AND _ir VERBS
Correr
Vivir
Yo
corro
vivo
Tu
corres
vives
El
corre
vive
Nosotros
corremos
vivimos
Vosotros
corréis
vivís
Ellos
corren
viven
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-Er and –ir verbs have very similar endings.
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Like –ar verbs, the yo forms of –er and –ir verbs end in –o
Yo como
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Yo escribo
-Er and –ir verbs have the exact same endings, except in the nosotros/as and vosotros/as.
THE VERB GUSTAR
Use the verb gustar to say what people like. If the thing they like is singular, use gusta. If it’s plural, use
gustan. Use qué with gusta to ask what someone likes.
Que te gusta?
What do you like?
Me gustan los deportes.
Te gusta la pizza?
I like sports.
Do you like pizza?
Sí, y me gustan las verduras. Yes, and I like vegetables.
Use one of these pronouns before gustar.
Me
Te
Le
Nos
Os
Les
ENGLISH EQUIVALENT
Me gusta ese champú.
I like that shampoo.
LITERAL MEANING
That shampoo is pleasing to me.
ENGLISH EQUIVALENT
¿Te gustan las clases? Do you like the classes?
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As the examples show, the construction me gusta(n) does not have a direct equivalent in
English. The literal meaning of this construction is to be pleasing to (someone), and it requires the use
of an indirect object pronoun.
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The forms most commonly used with gustar and similar verbs are the third person (singular and
plural).
When the object or person being liked is singular, the singular form (gusta) is used. When two or more
objects or persons are being liked, the plural form (gustan) is used. Observe the following diagram:
Singular:
Plural
me, te, le
nos, os les
gusta
la película.
gusta
el concierto.
gustan
las vacaciones.
gustan
los museos de Lima.
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To express what someone likes or does not like to do, gustar is followed by an infinitive. The
singular form of gustar is used even if there is more than one infinitive.
No nos gusta comer a las nueve.
Les gusta cantar y bailar en las fiestas.
We don’t like to eat at nine o’clock. They like to sing and dance at parties.
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The construction a + (pronoun) (a mi, a tí, a usted, a él, etc.) is used to clarify or to emphasize
who is pleased.
A ti te gusta cenar en casa, pero a mí no me gusta.
You like to eat dinner at home, but I don’t like to.
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The construction a +(noun) can also be used before the indirect object pronoun to clarify or to
emphasize who is please.
A los turistas les gusta mucho Machu Picchu.
The tourists like Machu Picchu a lot.