A.
Protected by mountains, but separated from rest of Europe
1.
Alps a.
Kept out European invaders
2.
Apennine Mountains b.
Run length of Italy
B.
Helped to control
Mediterranean

II.
The founding of Rome
A. Started by group called Latins before 700’s B.C.
B. Settled on Tiber River
1. Crafted jewelry
2. Made Pottery
3. Built sewer system
4. Pave roads
5. Drain marshes
6. Some Greeks settled in Southern Italy
7. Adopted Greek gods
III.
A strategic location
A. Built on seven hills, 15 miles inland on the Tiber
B. Protected from invasion by sea, center of trade routes

A.
Romulus and Remus
B.
Republic – form of government in which voters elect officials to run the state
C.
Senate – most influential and powerful body of the government
A. In times of war a dictator could be named for six months
D.
Magistrates – elected officials
E.
Assemblies – oversaw defense and acted as courts

F. The Conflict of the Orders
1.
2.
3.
Patricians – wealthy landowners
Plebeians – farmers and workers
The Romans engraved laws onto the Twelve Tables a.
Put them in the public square for all to see
G. The Republic Grows
1.
The role of the Roman army – well-trained, strict discipline a.
Legionnaires – 4500 – 6000 soldiers b. Auxilia – units of non-citizens
H. Earning loyalty
1.
2.
Conquered peoples were granted limited rights
People from different parts of empire could purchase citizen ship

Controlled government
Farmers and workers
Inherited power
Patricians Landowners
Plebeians
Nobles majority
Barred from office

A.
The First Punic War
1.
lasted 23 years
2. Carthage was forced to give up Sicily
B.
The Second Punic War
1. Hannibal was defeated by Scipio
2. Carthage had to give up Spain and its navy
C.
The Third Punic War
1. Rome again defeated Carthage and became supreme power in Mediterranean

Causes Results
First Punic War
Second Punic War
Carthage was afraid
Rome would take
Sicily; Rome was afraid Carthage would close the Adriatic Sea and Strait of Messina
Carthage asked for peace; had to pay reparations and give up control of Sicily
Hannibal invaded Italy Carthage asked for peace; paid Rome reparations and lost the Spanish colonies
Third Punic War Romans passionately hated Carthage. Rome declared war
Carthage was destroyed

II. The Problems of Expansion
A.
B.
Nobles gained more power
Wider gap between rich and poor
III. Roman Provinces
A.
B.
New territories
Ruled by governors
1.
Some were corrupt
2.
Tax collectors squeezed as much as possible
IV. Trade became new business
A.
Created a middle class of business people