QUIT
9
Expanding Markets and Moving West
CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
INTERACT WITH HISTORY
TIME LINE
MAP
GRAPH
SECTION
1 The Market Revolution
SECTION
2 Manifest Destiny
SECTION
3 Expansion in Texas
SECTION
4 The War with Mexico
VISUAL SUMMARY
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9
Expanding Markets and Moving West
CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
To understand the causes and consequences of
western settlement and to summarize the events
surrounding the independence of Texas and the
war with Mexico
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9
Expanding Markets and Moving West
INTERACT
WITH HISTORY
In the 1820s and 1830s the country was energized by new
inventions and new business. Now it is 1840, and an economic
downturn dampens the hopes of workers and business owners
alike. Newspaper ads urge Americans to pack up and move
west. But many people and nations already inhabit the North
American West. Mexico owns a large part of the area, and
Native Americans have been living there for centuries.
What are the ways that a nation increases its
territory?
Examine the Issues
• What are some reasons countries expand their borders?
• What might be benefits or drawbacks of expansion?
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9
Expanding Markets and Moving West
TIME LINE
The United States
The World
1825 The Erie Canal connects the East to the
West.
1828 Andrew Jackson is elected president.
1828 Uruguay becomes an independent republic.
1830 Joseph Smith establishes the Mormon
Church.
1830 Revolutions occur in Belgium, France, and
Poland.
1832 Chief Black Hawk leads Sauk rebellion.
Andrew Jackson is reelected.
1833 Santa Anna is elected president of Mexico.
1835 Ferdinand I becomes emperor of Austria.
1836 Martin Van Buren is elected president.
continued . . .
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9
Expanding Markets and Moving West
TIME LINE
The United States
The World
1837 John Deere invents the steel plow.
1837 Constitutional revolts occur in Lower and
Upper Canada.
1840 Benito Juárez begins liberal reform
movement in Mexico.
1841 John Tyler becomes president when
President William Henry Harrison dies.
1844 James K. Polk is elected president.
1847 U.S. wins Mexican-American War.
1848 Gold is discovered in California. Zachary
Taylor is elected president.
1848 Marx and Engels issue the
Communist Manifesto.
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1
The Market Revolution
KEY IDEA
Technological changes created greater
interaction and more economic diversity
among the regions of the nation.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT
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1
The Market Revolution
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Technological changes created
greater interaction and more
economic diversity among the
regions of the nation.
The linking of markets continues
today, as new technologies are
opening the U.S. to globalized
trade.
TERMS & NAMES
• specialization
• capitalism
• Samuel F. B. Morse
• market revolution
• telegraph
• Cyrus McCormick
• entrepreneur
• John Deere
ASSESSMENT
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1
The Market Revolution
ASSESSMENT
1. Look at the time line below to help organize your
thoughts. List the important innovations in transportation,
communication, and manufacturing during the early 19th
century.
Erie Canal
opens.
Deere
invents steel
plow.
Goodyear
develops
vulcanized
rubber.
1825
1837
1839
Morse sends
first telegraph
message.
1844
Howe patents
sewing
machine.
1846
1850
continued . . .
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1
The Market Revolution
ASSESSMENT
2. Compare economies of the different regions of the
United States in the mid-1800s.
ANSWER
North—urban, industrial
South—agrarian; dependent on slave labor
Midwest—agricultural; important in supplying food to the
East and to Europe
continued . . .
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1
The Market Revolution
ASSESSMENT
3. Why were the reaper and the steel plow important?
ANSWER
The two inventions allowed farmers to develop and farm
their land more efficiently and cheaply.
continued . . .
1
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The Market Revolution
ASSESSMENT
4. During the 1830s and 1840s, transportation and
communication linked the country more than ever before.
How did these advances affect ordinary Americans?
Think About:
• the new kinds of transportation
• specific changes in communications
• the new industries of the time period
ANSWER
Expanded commuter lines; enabled cities to grow outward
End of Section 1
MAP
HOME
GRAPH
2
Manifest Destiny
KEY IDEA
Americans moved west, energized by their
belief in the rightful expansion of the United
States from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT
MAP
HOME
GRAPH
2
Manifest Destiny
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Americans moved west, energized
by their belief in the rightful
expansion of the United States
from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
The South and Southwest are
now the fastest-growing
regions of the United States.
TERMS & NAMES
• manifest destiny
• Mormons
• “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!”
• Joseph Smith
• Oregon Trail
• Treaty of Fort Laramie
• Brigham Young
• Santa Fe Trail
ASSESSMENT
MAP
HOME
GRAPH
2
Manifest Destiny
ASSESSMENT
1. Look at the chart to help organize your thoughts.
Compare the motivations of travelers on the Oregon,
Santa Fe, and Mormon trails.
Trail
Motivations
Oregon Trail
New economic opportunities and new land
New markets for goods and services
Expanding trade with China and Japan
Mormon Trail
New economic opportunities and new land
Missionaries wanted to convert Native Americans
Freedom from religious persecution
Santa Fe Trail
New economic opportunities and new land
New markets for goods and services
continued . . .
MAP
GRAPH
2
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Manifest Destiny
ASSESSMENT
2. What were the benefits and drawbacks of the belief in
manifest destiny? Think About:
• the various reasons for the move westward
• the settlers’ point of view
• the impact on Native Americans
• the impact on the nation as a whole
ANSWER
Benefits: the wide range of new opportunities for settlers;
westward expansion would result in a nation that stretched
across the continent and that had vast resources.
Drawbacks: treatment of Native Americans
End of Section 2
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3
Expansion in Texas
KEY IDEA
Mexico offered land grants to American
settlers, but conflict developed over religion
and other cultural differences, and the
issue of slavery.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT
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3
Expansion in Texas
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Mexico offered land grants to American
settlers, but conflict developed over
religion and other cultural differences,
and the issue of slavery.
Today, the state of Texas shares
an important trading partnership
with Mexico.
TERMS & NAMES
• Stephen F. Austin
• Alamo
• Antonio López de Santa Anna
• Texas Revolution
• land grant
• Republic of Texas
• Sam Houston
• annex
ASSESSMENT
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3
Expansion in Texas
ASSESSMENT
1. Look at the chart to help organize your thoughts.
Analyze the relationship between Mexican authorities
and Anglos settling in Texas.
Mexico
Goals
Actions
Outcomes
To protect northern provinces
and bring in U. S. goods
Offers land grants, closes
borders, and institutes
patrols
Refuses purchase offers
and loses Texas to the
United States
Settlers
To use land grants to
set up homesteads
Ignore Mexican rules and
border restrictions; try to
negotiate with Mexico
Win independence, form
Republic of Texas
continued . . .
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3
Expansion in Texas
ASSESSMENT
2. Compare and contrast Santa Anna and Austin as
leaders. Think About:
• Santa Anna’s role as president of Mexico
• Santa Anna’s qualities as a military leader
• Austin’s settlement in Texas
• Austin’s abilities as a negotiator
ANSWER
Santa Anna was ambitious, restless, and sometimes reckless.
Austin was a successful land agent and was strict about the
kinds of behavior tolerated in his settlements.
continued . . .
3
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Expansion in Texas
ASSESSMENT
3. Which group or country gained the most from the
entry of Texas into the United States? Who lost the most?
ANSWER
The United States gained a huge portion of land but
prompted war with Mexico; Mexico lost land.
Southern states gained power in the Senate; Northern
states lost control of the Senate.
End of Section 3
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4
The War with Mexico
KEY IDEA
Tensions over the U.S. annexation of Texas led
to war with Mexico, resulting in huge territorial
gains for the United States.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT
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4
The War with Mexico
OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Tensions over the U.S. annexation
of Texas led to war with Mexico,
resulting in huge territorial gains
for the United States.
The United States has achieved
its goal of expanding across the
continent from east to west.
TERMS & NAMES
• Zachary Taylor
• James K. Polk
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
• Stephen Kearny
• forty-niners
• Republic of California
• Winfield Scott
• gold rush
• Gadsden Purchase
ASSESSMENT
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4
The War with Mexico
ASSESSMENT
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts.
List the events that formed the boundaries of the
contiguous United States.
Effect:
Causes:
Present-Day United States Borders
1846
Britain and the
United States set
Northwest
boundary
at 49th parallel.
1848
Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo
includes Mexican
cession.
1853
Gadsden
Purchase
established
current borders.
continued . . .
4
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The War with Mexico
ASSESSMENT
2. How would you evaluate President Polk’s attitude and
behavior toward Mexico? Think About:
• Polk’s position on expansion
• his actions once in office
• his relationship with Santa Anna
ANSWER
POSSIBLE RESPONSE:
Polk had expansionist beliefs and a strong conviction that the only way
California, New Mexico, and Texas could be brought into the Union was
through war.
Polk’s secret agreement with Santa Anna not only failed but was unwise and
illogical to begin with.
continued . . .
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The War with Mexico
ASSESSMENT
3. What were some of the effects of the California gold
rush?
ANSWER
• diversity
• population explosion
• San Francisco became a major west-coast city.
• scarce supplies
continued . . .
4
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The War with Mexico
ASSESSMENT
4. Would you have supported the controversial war with
Mexico? Why or why not?
ANSWER
POSSIBLE RESPONSES:
Proslavery forces supported the war and antislavery
forces opposed it. From the Mexican perspective, the
war was an unjust attempt by the United States to obtain
a huge portion of land from a weaker country.
End of Section 4