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23.1-23.3
 Functional
Group: a specific arrangement of atoms
in an organic compound that is capable of
characteristic chemical reactions.
 Organic
compounds are classified based on their
functional groups.
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“R” represents any
carbon chains or
rings attached to
the functional
group.
 Functional
groups
give compounds
unique properties.
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1) Halocarbons: A carbon containing compound with a
halogen substituent.
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Halogen: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.
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Substitution Reactions: when an atom or group of atoms
REPLACES another atom or group of atoms.
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A halogen can replace a hydrogen atom on an alkene.
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Halocarbons can then be substituted with an Arrhenius
base to make the functional group: Alcohol
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An Alcohol is an organic compound with an –OH group.
Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) is a common
component of many household products.
Fermentation is the production of ethanol
and carbon dioxide from sugars by the action
of yeast or bacteria.
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Ether: an organic compound in which carbon is bonded to
two carbon groups.
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The earliest anesthetics, used during the Civil War,
belonged to a class of chemical compounds called ethers.
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An aldehyde is an organic compound in which the carbon of
the carbonyl group is always joined to at least one
hydrogen.
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**Carbonyl Group**
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A ketone is an organic compound in which the carbon of the
carbonyl group is joined to two other carbons.
o Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones
• Many aldehydes and ketones have distinctive odors.
• Aromatic aldehydes are often used as flavoring agents.
• Benzaldehyde is known as oil of bitter almond.
• Cinnamaldehyde is the source of the odor of oil of
cinnamon.
Vanillin, an aldehyde, comes from
vanilla beans.
A solvent used to remove nail polish
is acetone, a ketone.
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A carboxylic acid is a compound with a carboxyl group.
The general formula for a
carboxylic acid is RCOOH.
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Carboxylic acids give a variety of foods—spoiled as well as
fresh—a distinctive sour taste. Also makes up fatty acids--used in candles, waxes, etc.
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Esters contain a carbonyl group and an ether link to the
carbonyl carbon. The general formula for an ester is RCOOR.
Esters impart the
characteristic aromas and
flavors of many flowers
and fruits. Marigolds,
raspberries, and bananas
all contain esters.
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Hydration: Addition reaction using water