Wind Energy
Science and Engineering
John Galisky
Space, Technology and Robotic Systems Academy
Lompoc High School
Lompoc, CA
galisky.john@lusd.org
Introductions
• What is your name?
• Where do you work?
• Why are you here?
or
• What are your expectations?
Useful websites
• KidWind (curriculum & materials)
– www.kidwind.org
• American Wind Energy Association
– www.awea.org
• U.S. Department of Energy
– www.energy.gov
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory
– www.nrel.org
KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org
Agenda
•
•
•
•
•
•
Why Teach Wind?
History of Wind Power
Wind Turbine Technology
Wind Resources
Some Issues
Wind Energy in the Classroom
What is KidWind?
The KidWind Project is a team of teachers,
students, engineers and practitioners
exploring the science behind wind energy
in classrooms around the US. Our goal is to
introduce as many people as possible to
the elegance of wind power through
hands-on science activities which are
challenging, engaging and teach basic
science principles.
KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org
Why Wind Education in K-12 ?
• Students learn science/math standards
– Lessons are completely scalable from elementary through college level
• Addresses myths regarding wind energy
– Improves the local understanding of wind energy
– Provides a bulwark against misunderstandings and fictional
problems with wind energy
• Encourages higher interest in Science and Math
– Science/Math activities with “larger social purpose”
• Students learn about jobs/careers in wind industry,
as well as opportunities for further training
Typical Wind Lessons - Not Technical
•Beaufort Scale
•Pinwheels
•Student Reports
•Demonstrations
•Discussion Activity
All very interesting but very little of the science and technology
related to the current wind industry is presented.
In fact, most textbooks are pretty negative about the future of wind
and misrepresent the technology miserably.
This is strange because…
Wind Energy is the Fastest Growing Energy Source in the World!!
US installed capacity grew 45% in 2007 and
50% in 2008!!!
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org
2008: 8,358 megawatts (MW) of new wind energy
capacity installed
• 50% growth rate!
• Brings US total installed wind energy capacity
to 25,170 MW
• At ~3.5 kW per house this is enough
electricity to power close to 7 million homes!
• 2009 was a slower year due to the economy
KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org
KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org
Why such growth?…costs!
1979: 40 cents/kWh
2000:
4-6
cents/kWh
• Increased
Turbine Size
• R&D Advances
• Manufacturing
Improvements
NSP 107 MW Lake Benton wind farm
4 cents/kWh (unsubsidized)
2004:
3 – 4.5 cents/kWh
U.S. Department of Energy
Other Reason to teach…
Elegant Power Source
Need to Change Perceptions…
Wind Power
- History
- Technology
- The Wind Resource
- Wind in the Classroom
KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org
Early “Windmill” in Afghanistan (900AD)
Jacobs Turbine – 1920 - 1960
WinCharger – 1930s – 40s
Smith-Putnam Turbine
Vermont, 1940's
Modern Windmills
Orientation
Turbines can be categorized into two overarching
classes based on the orientation of the rotor
Vertical Axis
Horizontal Axis
Vertical Axis Turbines
Advantages
Disadvantages
• Omnidirectional
• Rotors generally near ground
where wind poorer
• Centrifugal force stresses
blades
• Poor self-starting capabilities
• Requires support at top of
turbine rotor
• Requires entire rotor to be
removed to replace bearings
• Overall poor performance
and reliability
• Have never been
commercially successful
(large scale)
– Accepts wind from
any angle
• Components can be
mounted at ground
level
– Ease of service
– Lighter weight
towers
• Can theoretically use
less materials to
capture the same
amount of wind
Horizontal Axis
Wind Turbines
• Rotors are usually Up-wind
of tower
• Some machines have
down-wind rotors, but
only commercially
available ones are small
turbines
• Proven, viable technology
Modern Small Wind Turbines:
High Tech, High Reliability, Low Maintenance
• Technically Advanced
• Only 2-3 Moving Parts
• Very Low Maintenance
Requirements
• Proven: ~ 5,000 On-Grid
• American Companies are the
Market and Technology
Leaders
10 kW
400 W
50
kW
900 W
(Not to scale)
Yawing – Facing the Wind
• Active Yaw (all medium &
large turbines produced
today & some small turbines
from Europe)
• Anemometer on nacelle tells
controller which way to point
rotor into the wind
• Yaw drive turns gears to point
rotor into wind
• Passive Yaw (Most small
turbines)
• Wind forces alone direct rotor
• Tail vanes
• Downwind turbines
Wacky Designs out there…
Large Wind Turbines
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
450’ base to blade
Each blade 112’
Span greater than 747
163+ tons total
Foundation 20+ feet deep
Rated at 1.5 – 5 megawatt
Supply at least 350 homes
Wind Turbine Perspective
Workers
Blade
112’ long
Nacelle
56 tons
Tower
3 sections
KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org
Maintenance
KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org
Wind Farms
Off-Shore Wind Farms
Middelgrunden
THE WIND RESOURCE
Why do windmills need to be high in the sky??
Turbulent wind is bad wind
Calculation of Wind Power
•Power
the=wind
Power
in theinWind
½ρAv3
– Effect of swept area, A
– Effect of wind speed, v
– Effect of air density, 
Swept Area: A = πr2 Area
of the circle swept by the
rotor (m2).
r
Importance of Wind Speed
• No other factor is more
important to the amount of
power available in the wind
than the speed of the wind
• Power is a cubic function of
wind speed
– VXVXV
• 20% increase in wind speed
means 73% more power
• Doubling wind speed means 8
times more power
KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org
Key Issues facing Wind Power
Wildlife Impacts
1980’s California Wind Farm
Older Technology
+ Higher RPMs
+ Lower Towers
+ Lattice Towers
+ Poorly Sited
= Bad News!
• In the November-December Audubon Magazine, John
Flicker, President of National Audubon Society, wrote a
column stating that Audubon "strongly supports wind
power as a clean alternative energy source," pointing to
the link between global warming and the birds and
other wildlife that scientist say it will kill.
Impacts of Wind Power:
Noise
• Modern turbines are
relatively quiet
• Rule of thumb – stay
about 3x hub-height
away from houses
Transmission Problems
•Where is the wind?
•Where are the
population centers?
•Where are the wind
farms?
•How do we get wind
energy from the wind
farms to the population
centers?
Siting and NIMBY
Wind Energy in the Classroom
Standards/Skills
• Scientific Processes (Collecting & Presenting Data,
Performing Experiments, Repeating Trials, Using
Models)
• Use of Simple Tools & Equipment
• Forces Cause Change
• Energy Transformations (Forms of Energy)
• Circuits/Electricity/Magnetism
• Weather Patterns
• Renewable – Non Renewable Energy
Elementary
•
•
•
•
Engineering is Elementary
Wind Chimes
Wind Art
Building simple blades
Middle
balloon
~3m
streamers
Kite or balloon string
• Building Wind
Turbines
• Assessing Wind
Resource
• Mathematics
Secondary
•
•
•
•
Advanced Blade Design
School Siting Projects
Data Analysis
Advanced Math
KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org
WindWise
1. How is Energy Converted to Electricity?
2. What is the Cost of Inefficiency?
3. What Causes Wind?
4. Where Is It Windy?
5. Can Wind Power Your Classroom?
6. How Does a Windmill Work?
7. How Does a Generator Work?
8. Which Blades are Best?
9. How Can I Design A Better Blade?
10. How Does Energy Affect Wildlife?
11. Wind's Risk To Birds
12. Can We Reduce Risk To Bats?
13. How Do People Feel About Wind?
14. Siting A Wind Farm
15. Is Wind A Good Investment?
Energy
Wind
Turbines
Wind & Wildlife
Siting Wind Turbines
Circuits, Wind Farms, Battery Charging, and Hybrid Systems
KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org
Useful websites
• KidWind (curriculum & materials)
– www.kidwind.org
• American Wind Energy Association
– www.awea.org
• U.S. Department of Energy
– www.energy.gov
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory
– www.nrel.org
KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org
The KidWind Project
www.kidwind.org
Questions???