World War I
The Global War
Journal #1
• Take a few minutes:
– How do you believe imperialism would come to
shape World War I?
– Here are some things to keep in mind:
• Note the location of different colonies (Think about the
chart)
• Note those who were involved in imperialism
• Note why there was often conflict
Connecting Past to Present
The MAIN Reasons for the WWI Starting
Define…
• M
– Militarism
• A
– Alliance System
• I
– Industrialization/Imperialism
• N
– Nationalism
Militarism
• Increase in:
–
–
–
–
Glorification of the military
All things militaristic
Ongoing arms race
All nations prepared for war
by 1914
Alliance System
Major Nations
•
•
•
•
•
Allied Powers
Great Britain
Russia
France
Italy (1915)
USA (1917)
Central Powers
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Ottoman Empire
Alliance System
Terms of an Alliance
• “If Italy or Germany was attacked by France, each
would aid the other. If Austria was attacked by
Russia, Italy would remain neutral, although
Austria would aid Italy if she was attacked by
France. If one of the parties was attacked by two
or more powers, the other signatories were to
come to her aid. And, at Italy’s request, both
Austria and Germany agreed that in no case
would the Treaty operate against Britain, but as
the war loomed closer these disputes became less
important as attention focused back to Europe.”
Industrialization
•
•
•
•
•
•
Machine Guns
Gas Attacks
Tanks
Artillery
U-Boats
Airplanes & Zeppelins
Machine Guns
Hiram Maxim created the first
portable machine gun.
Fifty Rhodesian police officers
fought off 5,000 tribesmen with
only four machine guns
MGs devastates the battlefield in
many way
- Rapid fire over no man’s
land
- Enfilading fire across
trenches
Gas Attacks
Mustard Gas – Yellowish Brown, smells like
Mustard plant. Formed blisters on skin,
throat, lungs, & closed airways, blindness.
Chlorine Gas – Yellowish Green, smells like
Pineapple & pepper. Pain in eyes, lungs,
suffocation ensues.
Tanks, Artillery, Airplanes, Zepplins
• World War I Firsts
U-Boats
• dsd
• “Unterseebooten”
– Germany 1st to use
submarine warfare
Imperialism
• Conflict due to colonialism
• In Africa, every European nation, but Russia &
Austria held colonies there. Conflicts over
regions between France and Italy or France
and Germany.
Imperialism & Industrialization
Imperialism
• Land expansion & desire for
more land, power
Industrialization
• Allows a nation to build
upon what they have &
become more powerful
Nationalism
• Belief that aligns one
with a strong
identification of a group
or nation.
• Germans were proud of
their military; France
upset at the loss of the
Alsace & Lorraine in the
Franco-Prussian War
Domestic Problems
• Nations involved were
experiencing problems:
– England v. Ireland
– Russian Uprisings
Take this time to fill out the map (Europe in 1914 side) to the best of your
ability.
BLANK MAP!
The Assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand
Gavrilo Princip & The Black Hand
Find Serbia & Austria-Hungary
Austrian Ultimatum to Serbia
1. Serbia was to investigate the murder
2. Austria-Hungary was also to investigate
3. Serbia was to suppress any & all anti-Austrian
propaganda
4. Take steps to rout any domestic terrorist
groups within Serbia
Austria-Hungary demanded an answer within 48 hours
CRASH COURSE
WWI Crash Course
Time to Enlist. The Trenches Await!
http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/games/overtop/index_e.shtml
Who is this man?
He Is WWI Iron-Cross Winning War
Hero…
Adolf Hitler
Key Terms to Understand
• War of Attrition?
• Causalities?
• Selective Service/Conscription/Draft?
The Schlieffen Plan
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare - History Channel
Dangers of Trench Warfare
•
•
•
•
•
•
Trench foot
Trench Rats
Lice
Enfilading Fire
Rebuilding Trenches
“Over the top”
Over the Top
• An offensive consisted
of days of shelling the
enemy’s defenses
followed by an order to
go “Over the Top” and
into No Man’s Land
• Offensives were very
ineffective and resulted
in huge losses of life
• Battles at Verdun and
Somme resulted in
massive loss of life
Somme & Verdun
Somme
Verdun
Somme & Verdun
Battle of Somme
Battle of Verdun
July 1, 1916 – November 18, 1916
(4 months, 2 weeks, 3 days)
February 21, 1916 – December 18, 1916
(9 months, 3 weeks, 6 days)
Battles
• Battle of Somme
–
–
–
–
Allies: 623,907 casualties | 782 aircraft lost
Germany: 465,000 (400,000 to 500,000)
Indecisive Result
2.5 million troops in 150 divisions
• Battle of Verdun
–
–
–
–
Allies: 542,000 casualties (362,000 dead)
Germany: 434,000 casualties (336,000 dead)
French Victory
2.5 million troops in 125 divisions
Sinking of the RMS Lusitania
128 Americans Dead
Revolution in Russia
1917, bread riots break out in St. Petersburg. Tsar was overthrown.
Lenin took control & signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
The Zimmerman Telegram
US Joins The War
• April 1917, Pres. Wilson
declares war:
– “We have no selfish ends
to serve… to make the
world safe for
democracy.”
US Joins The War
• Mobilized by 1918
–
–
–
–
2 million strong
Little troop involvement
116,708 deaths
205,690 wounded
• Fourteen Points
– Called for free trade,
free seas, reduction of
arms, end to secret
treaties
– A plan to end warfare
entirely
Propaganda
The League of Nations
• “A general association of
nations must be formed
under specific covenants
for the purpose of
affording mutual
guarantees of political
independence and
territorial integrity to
great and small states
alike.”
War Ends
• Germany attempts a
final push
– Gain 40 miles
• US Troops assist Allied
forces
– German forces removed
from France & Belgium
– Riots begin in Germany
due to poverty
Costs of War
• Europe was shattered
– Flu Epidemic of 1918 killing 20 million worldwide
– Battle zones left entire sections of nations from
France to Russia in rubble
– Reconstruction & War Debt = $$$
• German Reparations
Costs of War
Money
Life
• Great Britain
• Great Britain
– $55 billion
• France
– $45 billion
• Russia
– $25 billion
• USA
– $35 billion
• Germany
– $60 billion
• Austria-Hungary
– $25 billion
– 1,115,597 killed
• France
– 1,397,800 killed
• Russia
– 1,811,000 to 2,254,369 killed
• USA
– 116,708 killed
• Germany
– 2,050,897 killed
• Austria-Hungary
– 1,100,000 killed
Paris Peace Conference
(L to R)
David Lloyd George (UK), Vittorio Orlando (ITA), Georges Clemenceau (FRA), Woodrow Wilson (USA)
Paris Peace Conference
• Meeting of more than 32 countries to decide
what would come of the defeated Central
Powers (GER & RUS not invited)
– Reshaping borders
– Division of owned colonies across the world
• The Treaty of Versailles
– Stiff financial penalties/blame to Germany
• "Germany End WWI Reparations 92 Years, 59m Final Payment”
• ($442 billion in 2013 currency)
Outcome of the Paris Peace
Conference
• With so many nations involved, these
meetings proved difficult.
• Creation of Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary,
Yugoslavia
• Colonies outside of Europe still remained
colonies