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Good morning! Welcome to Duodenum Ad Agency. I am
Sunny Wang, your tourist guide during this 5 days tour
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of human digestive system. Enjoy your time!
Brief In Introduction P4
Alimentary Canal P5
Tongue P7
Teeth P8
Salivary Glands P9
Pharynx P10
Epiglottis P11
Esophagus P12
Cardiac Sphincter P13
Stomach P15
Pyloric Sphincter P16
Duodenum P17
Pancreas P18
Gall Bladder P19
Liver P20
Small Intestine P22
Villi P23
Appendix P24
Large Intestine P25
Rectum P26
Anus P27
Physical and Chemical Digestion P30
Digestive Enzymes P31
Chemical Digestion of Carb P32
Chemical Digestion of Protein P33
Chemical Digestion of Fat P34
Importance of Liver and Pancreas P36
Mesentery P37
Mucus P38
pH Level P39
E Coli P40
Heartburn P42
Reference P43
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Human digestive system is a complex
processes. In order to use the food we eat,
our body has to break the food down into
smaller molecules that it can process; it
also has to excrete waste.
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The alimentary canal
means the whole digestive
tract from the mouth to the
anus.
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Tongue moves food to the
pharynx and keeps food in the
mouth.
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Teeth start the process of
physical digestion and pushes
chewed food to the pharynx.
With our teeth, food become
pieces so that convenient for
swallowing.
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The salivary glands produce
saliva which moisten food and
use amylase to digest
carbohydrate. There are three
different salivary glands:
sublingual gland which beneath
the tongue, submaxillary gland
which under the mouth and
partoid gland which in front of
ears.
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The pharynx is at back of the throat
and it is the place that swallowing
occurs.
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It is located at the
back of the throat
where oral and nasal
cavities join. Also it is
where swallowing
occurs.
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The esophagus is the tube
which leads from the pharynx
to the stomach. Food moves
down in the esophagus by
peristalsis.
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Cardiac sphincter is muscle
which close off the top of the
stomach. It’s function is to
keep stomach acid from
entering the esophagus.
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The stomach is a J-shaped organ
which stores and churns food. There
are both chemical and physical
digestions in the stomach . Chruning
is physical digestion and results
“acid chyme”. Chemical digestion of
protein is start in stomach.
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Pyloric sphincter is located at the
bottom of the stomach. It ‘s function
is to let a small amount of chyme to
enter the intestine.
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The duodenum is first 1o
inches of the small intestine. In
the duodenum, bile enters and
emulsifies fat. Thus, pancreas
help to digest carbohydrate,
protein and fats.
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The role of the pancreas is
to make insulin, glacagon, and
pancreatic juices, including
sodium bicarbonate. Sodium
bicarbonate neutralizes the
acid chyme.
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The gallbladder acts as a
storage for bile. Bile can
emulsifies fats which means
break down fat into small fat
droplets. Bile is not an
enzyme.
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The liver has 6 different
functions.
1 to produce bile.
2 to destroy old red blood cell
and replace hemoglobin to a
product in bile.
3 Stores and then breaks down
glycogen to glucose between
eating to help maintain glucose
level of blood.
4 produces urea by
deamination
5 Uses amino acid to make
blood proteins.
6 Detoxification.
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The first 25cm of the small intestine
is duodenum. Small intestine
receives bile and pancreas juice
through the duct. Nutrients are
absorbed into the vessels of villi.
Small intestine has a large surface
area to absorb carbohydrate, protein
and fats.
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Villi is the singular of villus,
are finger-like projections in
the small intestine that help
absorb food more efficiently in
the body.
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The appendix has no
function.
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The large intestine is also known
as the colon. It is divided into
ascending, transverse, sigmoid and
descending colons. The colon's
functions are to absorb water and to
eliminate The matter remaining
after water is known as feces.
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The rectum at the end of the
large intestine. It stores
undigested waste temporally.
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Anus is bands of muscle that allows
waste to exit from body.
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Mechanical digestion is
simply breaks down food into
pieces. Chemical digestion
using enzymes
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Amylase: Acts on starch to break it into
many molecules of moltose. Then moltose is
broken down into glucose.
Protease: Breaks down proteins to peptides
and later become amino acid. There are two
types of proteases: Pepsin and trypsin.
Lipase: Produced by pancreas. Breaks
down fat droplets.
Nuclease: Breaks down RNA and DNA into
nucleotides. Both small intestine and
pancreas produce nuclease.
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Hydrolysis is the result of chemical
digestion of carbohydrate. There are three
parts that enzymes take place. Salivary
amylase is in saliva, pancreatic amylase
occurs in duodenum but produced by
pancreas. And moltase is produced in the
small intestine.
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There are two types of protein, pepsin is
produced by gastric gland and trypsin is
produced by the pancreas. There are two
steps to break down proteins. Firstly, protease
breaks down proteins to peptides. Then,
peptidase breaks down peptides into amino
acid.
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Bile is an important substance during the
digestion of fat. Bile is not an enzyme. It is
produced by liver but stores in the gall
bladder. It emulsifies fat into small fat
droplets so that droplets can disperse water.
Thus, lipase can break down fat droplets into
glycerol and 3 fatty acid.
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The pancreas serves two roles in the human body. One function is to produce
enzymes that break our food down small enough to be absorbed into our body. The
second function is to produce the hormones insulin and glucagon. The pancreas can
develop disorders and diseases that effect both functions. It manufactures and
secretes digestive enzymes such as amylase, which digests starch. It also produces
lipase, which breaks down fats, and trypsin, a protein processor. The pancreas creates
and secretes insulin, glucagon and other hormones. Insulin and glucagon are
especially important for the maintenance of blood sugar, as insulin lowers the blood
sugar and glucagon increases the blood sugar according to the body's needs.
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Sheets of membrane that are attached
to organs and prevent your intestines
from twisting during digestive
movements.
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Mucus creates a barrier that
prevents infection.
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The overall pH level is about 7.40.
However, acid in body is lower than
that.
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The E. Coli offers vital service to us
and helps metabolize our bodies.
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Heartburn — stomach feels an
uncomfortable (burning and
warmth) due to acid backs up
into the esophagus.
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Good bye! Wish you learn something useful and take
photos during this trip!
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