Reconstruction: 1865-1877 > The Grant Administration
The Grant Administration
• The Grant Years
• The Election of 1868
• The Government Debt
• Scandals
• White Terror
• Conservative Resurgence
• Reform and the Election of 1872
• Panic and Redemption
• The Compromise of 1877
• The End of Reconstruction
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877 > The Grant Administration
The Grant Years
• Ulysses S. Grant was elected president of the United States in 1868.
• Immediately upon Inauguration in 1869, Grant bolstered Reconstruction by
prodding Congress to readmit Virginia, Mississippi, and Texas into the Union,
while ensuring their constitutions protected every citizen's voting rights.
• Grant re-admitted several Southern states to the Union, and signed legislation
guaranteeing equal rights to recently freed slaves.
• Grant created new federal departments and ordered federal troops to suppress
racial violence in the South.
• Ultimately, Grant's administration was marred by a series of scandals.
Ulysses S. Grant, 18th President of the United
States
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877 > The Grant Administration
The Election of 1868
• The Democrats nominated Horatio Seymour after a series of failed ballots and
pledged to pursue a softer Reconstruction.
• Republicans favored Radical Reconstruction, punishing the South for its role in
the war and nominated war hero Ulysses S. Grant.
• Grant took no part in the campaign and made no promises. A line in his letter of
acceptance of the nomination became the Republican campaign theme—"Let us
have peace".
Republican Nominees for 1868
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877 > The Grant Administration
The Government Debt
• Grant's first move upon taking office was signing the Public Credit Act of 1869,
which ensured that all public debts, particularly war bonds, would be paid only in
gold rather than in greenbacks.
• Grant protected the wages of U.S. Government employees through another act
he signed in 1869.
• Treasury Secretary Boutwell reorganized and reformed the United States
Treasury by discharging unnecessary employees, starting sweeping changes in
Bureau of Printing and Engraving to protect the currency from counterfeiters, and
revitalizing tax collections to hasten the collection of revenue.
George S. Boutwell
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877 > The Grant Administration
Scandals
• Grant pursued different courses for prosecution depending on his friendship with
those indicted, which caused controversy.
• The Black Friday scandal, which involved Grant's brother-in-law, was a scheme to
control the gold market. When it failed, it rocked the United States economy.
• The Whiskey Ring scandal, which involved Grant's personal secretary, was a
scheme to defraud the IRS of whiskey taxes.
• Grant himself was deposed as part of the Whiskey Ring scandal.
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877 > The Grant Administration
White Terror
• The White League was a paramilitary group formed to intimidate AfricanAmericans and Republican officeholders.
• The Knights of the Ku Klux Klan were formed by Confederate veterans and
quickly formed a coherent hierarchy.
• The KKK opposed Republicans, ""carpetbaggers and scalawags," as well as
African-Americans.
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877 > The Grant Administration
Conservative Resurgence
• The Ku Klux Klan was one of many violent secret societies formed to intimidate
African-Americans and voters in the South.
• Often, these parties called themselves the "Conservative Party" or the
"Democratic and Conservative Party" in order to distinguish themselves from the
national Democratic Party and to obtain support from former Whigs.
• Reaction by the angry whites included the formation of violent secret societies,
especially the KKK.
• Violence occurred in cities with Democrats, Conservatives, and other angry
whites on one side and Republicans, African-Americans, federal government
KKK Cartoon
representatives, and Republican-organized armed Loyal Leagues on the other.
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877 > The Grant Administration
Reform and the Election of 1872
• Liberal Republicans split from the main Republican Party and nominated Horace
Greeley.
• The Democrats, with no strong candidate of their own, adopted Greeley as their
candidate.
• The Republicans, who were content with their Reconstruction program for the
South, renominated Grant and Representative Henry Wilson in 1872. Grant had
remained a popular Civil War hero, and the Republicans continued to wave the
"bloody shirt" as a patriotic symbol representing the North.
Horace Greeley
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877 > The Grant Administration
Panic and Redemption
• The Panic of 1873 started when the stock market in Vienna crashed in June 1873.
Unsettled markets soon spread to Berlin, and throughout Europe. Three months
later, the Panic spread to the United States when three major banks stopped
making payments.
• The causes of the panic in the United States included over-expansion in the
railroad industry after the Civil War, losses in the Chicago and Boston fires of
1871 and 1872, respectively, and insatiable speculation by Wall Street financiers.
• Grant had little economic experience and relied on advisors who implemented a
series of policies that caused a five year depression.
Grant Vetoes the "Inflation Bill"
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877 > The Grant Administration
The Compromise of 1877
• Whether the negotiations took place or not, some of the elements of the supposed
bargain were carried through, such as the removal of troops from the South and
the appointment of a southern cabinet member.
• Other elements of the bargain, such as industrialization of the South and the
funding of a transcontinental railroad, did not happen.
• The bargain itself did not decide the results of the 1876 election.
The Corrupt Bargain
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877 > The Grant Administration
The End of Reconstruction
• The administration of Rutherford B. Hayes carried out policies that ended
Reconstruction and reinstated the remaining Southern states into the Union.
• The Democrats had little leverage—they could not block Hayes' election, but they
were mollified by the implicit, "back room" deal that federal troops would be
removed on the condition that the Southern states pledged to protect the lives of
African Americans.
• With the removal of Northern troops, the President had no method to enforce
Reconstruction, thus this "back room" deal signaled the end of American
Reconstruction.
• By 1879, thousands of African American "exodusters" packed up and headed to
Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th President of the
United States
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new opportunities in Kansas.
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877
Key terms
• African-Americans African-Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American
Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States who have at least partial ancestry from any of the native populations of
Sub-Saharan Africa.
• Black Friday Black Friday, September 24, 1869, also known as the Fisk/Gould scandal, was caused by two speculators' efforts
to corner the gold market on the New York Gold Exchange. It was one of several scandals that rocked the presidency of
Ulysses S. Grant.
• Compromise of 1877 The Compromise of 1877 refers to a purported informal, unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed
1876 U.S. presidential election and ended Reconstruction in the South.
• Fifteenth Amendment The Fifteenth Amendment (Amendment XV) to the United States Constitution prohibits each government
in the United States from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of
servitude" (for example, slavery). It was ratified on February 3, 1870.
• Freedman's Bureau The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, usually referred to as simply the Freedmen's
Bureau, was a U.S. federal government agency that aided distressed freedmen (freed slaves) in 1865–1869, during the
Reconstruction era of the United States.
• George S. Boutwell George Sewall Boutwell (January 28, 1818 – February 27, 1905) was an American statesman who served
as Secretary of the Treasury under President Ulysses S. Grant, the 20th Governor of Massachusetts, a Senator and
Representative from Massachusetts and the first Commissioner of Internal Revenue under President Abraham Lincoln.
• greenbacks a unit of American currency issued during the Civil War by the Treasury Department
• Horace Greeley Horace Greeley (February 3, 1811–November 29, 1872) was an American newspaper editor, a founder of the
Liberal Republican Party, a reformer, a politician, and an outspoken opponent of slavery.
• Horatio Seymour Horatio Seymour (May 31, 1810 – February 12, 1886) was an American politician. He was the 18th Governor
of New York from 1853 to 1854 and from 1863 to 1864.
• inflationary policy In economics, inflationary policies are those that lead to a rise in the general level of prices of goods and
services in an economy over a period of time. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and
services. Consequently, inflation also reflects an erosion in the purchasing power of money – a loss of real value in the internal
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medium of exchange and unit of account in the economy.
Reconstruction: 1865-1877
• Liberal Republicans The Liberal Republican Party of the United States was a political party that was organized in Cincinnati in
May 1872, to oppose the reelection of President Ulysses S. Grant and his Radical Republican supporters.
• Loyal League The Union League was one of a number of organizations established starting in 1862 during the American Civil
War to promote loyalty to the Union and the policies of Abraham Lincoln. They were also known as "Loyal Leagues".
• national debt Any money owed by the government of a nation.
• Panic of 1873 The Panic of 1873 triggered a severe international economic depression in both Europe and the United States
that lasted until 1879, and even longer in some countries.
• Radical Reconstruction "Radical Reconstruction" refers to the Reconstruction policies after the election of 1866, during which
time Republicans passed acts granting greater freedoms to Freedmen and sought to punish the South for its role in the Civil
War.
• Reconstruction a period of United States history, from 1865 to 1877, during which the nation tried to resolve the status of the
ex-Confederate states, the ex-Confederate leaders, and Freedmen (ex-slaves) after the American Civil War.
• Republican Party One of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party.
• Republican Party One of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party.
• Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822-January 17, 1893) was the nineteenth President of the
United States (1877–1881).
• Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822-January 17, 1893) was the nineteenth President of the
United States (1877–1881).
• Samuel J. Tilden Samuel Jones Tilden (February 9, 1814–August 4, 1886) was the Democratic candidate for the U.S.
presidency in the disputed election of 1876, one of the most controversial American elections of the nineteenth century.
• speculation An investment involving higher than normal risk in order to obtain a higher than normal return
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877
• The Public Credit Act of 1869 The Public Credit Act of 1869 in the U.S. states that bondholders who purchased bonds to help
finance the Civil War (1861 – 1865) would be paid back in gold.
• Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant; April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) became the 18th President of
the United States (1869–1877) following his dominant role in the second half of the Civil War.
• Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant; April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) became the 18th President of
the United States (1869–1877) following his dominant role in the second half of the Civil War.
• Whiskey Ring In the United States, the Whiskey Ring was a scandal, exposed in 1875, involving diversion of tax revenues in a
conspiracy among government agents, politicians, whiskey distillers, and distributors.
• White League The White League was a white paramilitary group started in 1874 that operated to run Republicans out of office
and intimidate freedmen from voting and political organizing.
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877
KKK Cartoon
Cartoon from 1868 ("'Tis but a change of banners - CSA KKK"), which accuses the Democratic party presidential candidates of relying on support from
Ku Klux Klan members who were Confederate traitors in 1864 (from the point of view of the United States).
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877
Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th President of the United States
Rutherford B. Hayes succeeded Ulysses S. Grant as President of the United States, and ended Reconstruction.
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877
George S. Boutwell
George S. Boutwell served as Secretary of the Treasury under Ulysses S. Grant.
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877
Ulysses S. Grant, 18th President of the United States
Official White House portrait of President U.S. Grant done by Henry Ulke on March 2, 1875.
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877
The Corrupt Bargain
A political cartoon by Joseph Keppler depicts Roscoe Conkling as Mephistopheles, as Rutherford B. Hayes strolls off with a woman labeled as "Solid
South. "
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877
Republican Nominees for 1868
Ulysses S. Grant and Schuyler Colfax, Republican running mates for the presidency in the 1868 elections.
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877
Horace Greeley
Horace Greeley was soundly defeated as the candidate of the Liberal Republican Party during the election of 1872.
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877
Grant Vetoes the "Inflation Bill"
U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant on a platform is congratulated boisterously by an audience for vetoing the "inflation bill".
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877
Immediately upon his inauguration in 1869, Grant bolstered
Reconstruction by
A) Creating new federal departments, while removing federal troops from
Southern States
B) Creating new departments and ordering federal troops to suppress
racial violence in the South
C) Encouraging Congress to deny the re-admittance of rebellious
Southern states
D) Ensuring the constitutions of southern states protected the voting
rights of women and men
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877
Immediately upon his inauguration in 1869, Grant bolstered
Reconstruction by
A) Creating new federal departments, while removing federal troops from
Southern States
B) Creating new departments and ordering federal troops to suppress
racial violence in the South
C) Encouraging Congress to deny the re-admittance of rebellious
Southern states
D) Ensuring the constitutions of southern states protected the voting
rights of women and men
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877
During the election of 1868, the Republican Party built their
platform around supporting which of the following issues
A) Government mandated black suffrage in the South and Radical
Reconstruction
B) Government mandated black suffrage in the North and the South
C) Limited rights for naturalized citizens and freed African Americans
D) Radical Reconstruction and the limited rights for immigrants and new
citizens
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877
During the election of 1868, the Republican Party built their
platform around supporting which of the following issues
A) Government mandated black suffrage in the South and Radical
Reconstruction
B) Government mandated black suffrage in the North and the South
C) Limited rights for naturalized citizens and freed African Americans
D) Radical Reconstruction and the limited rights for immigrants and new
citizens
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877
Grant's administration attempted to strengthen the American
economy by
A) Hiring Secretary Boutwell and getting rid of nepotism in the
administration
B) Revitalizing tax collections to slowing the collection of revenue in the
states
C) All of these answers
D) Ensuring that all public debts be paid only in gold rather than in
greenbacks
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877
Grant's administration attempted to strengthen the American
economy by
A) Hiring Secretary Boutwell and getting rid of nepotism in the
administration
B) Revitalizing tax collections to slowing the collection of revenue in the
states
C) All of these answers
D) Ensuring that all public debts be paid only in gold rather than in
greenbacks
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877
Reform movements initiated in both the Democratic Party and the
Liberal Republican party, were designed to
A) Support the Grant Administration and Reconstruction policies
B) Prevent the gold panic from devastating the United States economy
C) Oppose political patronage and corruption in the Grant Administration
D) Build a case against the Grant Administration and Reconstruction
policies
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877
Reform movements initiated in both the Democratic Party and the
Liberal Republican party, were designed to
A) Support the Grant Administration and Reconstruction policies
B) Prevent the gold panic from devastating the United States economy
C) Oppose political patronage and corruption in the Grant Administration
D) Build a case against the Grant Administration and Reconstruction
policies
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877
The White League was a paramilitary group formed
A) As an extension of the White Camelia and KKK
B) To intimidate African-Americans and Republican officeholders
C) To support the Reconstruction government
D) To advocate for African-Americans and Republican officeholders
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877
The White League was a paramilitary group formed
A) As an extension of the White Camelia and KKK
B) To intimidate African-Americans and Republican officeholders
C) To support the Reconstruction government
D) To advocate for African-Americans and Republican officeholders
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877
The Ku Klux Klan, often made up of members of the Conservative
Party, became popular in the South in 1868 due to the
A) Growing support for white supremacy groups from wealthy white
plantation owners
B) Persistent threat of a violent black uprising against the white planter
class
C) Support from the Southern state Republican governments
D) Growing support for white supremacy groups from whites of all social
classes
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877
The Ku Klux Klan, often made up of members of the Conservative
Party, became popular in the South in 1868 due to the
A) Growing support for white supremacy groups from wealthy white
plantation owners
B) Persistent threat of a violent black uprising against the white planter
class
C) Support from the Southern state Republican governments
D) Growing support for white supremacy groups from whites of all social
classes
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877
The short-lived liberal Republican party of 1872, fought for
A) Civil liberties for African Americans
B) Universal suffrage for African Americans and Women
C) Low tariffs and amnesty to former Confederate soldiers
D) All of these answers
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877
The short-lived liberal Republican party of 1872, fought for
A) Civil liberties for African Americans
B) Universal suffrage for African Americans and Women
C) Low tariffs and amnesty to former Confederate soldiers
D) All of these answers
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877
The causes of the panic in the United States included
A) All of these answers
B) Over-expansion in the railroad industry after the Civil War
C) Losses in the Chicago and Boston fires of 1871 and 1872
D) Rampant inflation caused by the overprinting of paper money
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877
The causes of the panic in the United States included
A) All of these answers
B) Over-expansion in the railroad industry after the Civil War
C) Losses in the Chicago and Boston fires of 1871 and 1872
D) Rampant inflation caused by the overprinting of paper money
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877
The Compromise of 1877 allowed for the
A) Increase of northern troops in the South
B) Decrease in federal aid for railroads
C) Appointment of a southern Democrat to Hayes's cabinet
D) Appointment of a southern Democrat to Grant's cabinet
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877
The Compromise of 1877 allowed for the
A) Increase of northern troops in the South
B) Decrease in federal aid for railroads
C) Appointment of a southern Democrat to Hayes's cabinet
D) Appointment of a southern Democrat to Grant's cabinet
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877
After assuming office on March 4, 1877, President Hayes
A) Removed federal troops from the South
B) Ended corruption in government.
C) Promised to regulate the railroads
D) Pledged to promote women’s rights
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Reconstruction: 1865-1877
After assuming office on March 4, 1877, President Hayes
A) Removed federal troops from the South
B) Ended corruption in government.
C) Promised to regulate the railroads
D) Pledged to promote women’s rights
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