Medical Terminology
A LIVING LANGUAGE
Fifth Edition
CHAPTER
9
Urinary System
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Multimedia Directory
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Urinary System Animation
Kidney Animation
Kidney Stone Video
Renal Failure Video
Urinalysis Video
Catheterization Video
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Urinary System at a Glance
• Functions of Urinary System




Maintain stable internal environment
Remove waste products
Adjust water and electrolyte levels
Maintain correct pH
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Urinary System at a Glance
• Organs of Urinary System




Two
Two
One
One
kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Urinary System
Illustrated
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Urinary System Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
azot/o – nitrogenous waste
bacteri/o – bacteria
cyst/o – bladder
glomerul/o – glomerulus
glycos/o – sugar, glucose
keton/o – ketones
lith/o – stone
meat/o – meatus
nephr/o – kidney
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Urinary System Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
noct/i – night
olig/o – scanty
protein/o – protein
pyel/o – renal pelvis
ren/o – kidney
ureter/o – ureter
urethr/o – urethra
urin/o – urine
ur/o – urine
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Urinary System Suffixes
-lith
-lithiasis
-ptosis
-tripsy
-uria
stone
condition of stones
drooping
surgical crushing
condition of the urine
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anatomy and Physiology
• Also called genitourinary system
• Consists of




Two
Two
One
One
kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Urinary System Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the urinary system.
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Function
• Main function is to filter and remove
waste products from blood
• Metabolic processes produce waste
• Blood becomes toxic if waste builds up
• Waste materials are called urine
• Urine is then removed from body
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Homeostasis
• Responsible for homeostasis
 Maintain proper balance of water and
chemicals in body
• Regulate levels of electrolytes




Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
• Maintain pH
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Waste Removal
• Waste is removed through system of
blood vessels and tubules
 Called the nephron
 More than 1 million make up each kidney
 Produce urine
• Urine drains from kidney through
ureters to bladder, into urethra, and
then out of body
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Kidneys
• Located behind
peritoneum
 Retroperitoneal
• Concave area on
edge of center
called hilum
 Renal artery enters
 Renal vein leaves
 Ureter leaves
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 9.1
Kidney structure. Longitudinal section showing the renal artery entering and the renal
vein and ureter exiting at the hilum of the kidney.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Internal Structure of Kidneys
• Cortex
 Outer portion
• Medulla
 Inner portion
• Pyramids
 Triangular shaped
structures in
medulla
• Papilla
 Tip of each renal
pyramid
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 9.2
Longitudinal section of a kidney illustrating the internal structures.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Internal Structures of the Kidneys
• Calyx
 Small open area
that receives urine
from each papilla
• Renal pelvis
 Large open area
that receives urine
from each calyx
 Empties into ureter
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 9.2
Longitudinal section of a kidney illustrating the internal structures.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Nephron
• Functional unit of kidney
• Microscopic
• More than 1 million nephrons in each
kidney
• Consists of
 Renal corpuscle
 Renal tubules
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Renal Corpuscle
• Two parts:
 Glomerulus
 Glomerular or
Bowman’s capsule
• Blood flows through
glomerulus
• Substances filtered
from blood and enter
glomerular capsule
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Kidney Animation
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Renal Tubules
• Four sections:
 Proximal
convoluted tubule
 Loop of Henle
 Distal convoluted
tubule
 Collecting tubule
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Renal Tubules
• Filtrate flows
through renal
tubules to
complete urine
production process
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 9.3
The structure of a nephron.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Three Stages of Urine Production
• Urine is produced as filtrate moves
through renal tubules
• Three stages:
 Filtration
 Reabsorption
 Secretion
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Filtration
• Between
glomerulus and
Bowman’s capsule
• Filtrate is produced




Water
Glucose
Amino acids
Wastes
• Filtrate enters
renal tubules
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Reabsorption
• As filtrate moves
through renal
tubules
 Water & desirable
molecules are
reabsorbed
 Returned to blood
in peritubular
capillaries
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Reabsorption
• As filtrate moves
through renal
tubules
 Waste &
undesirable
molecules remain in
renal tubules
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Secretion
• As filtrate moves
through renal
tubules
 Additional waste
products removed
from blood in
peritubular
capillaries
 Added to filtrate in
renal tubules
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 9.7
The three stages of urine production: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Ureters
• Urine drains from
renal pelvis into
ureters
• Extend from renal
pelvis to urinary
bladder
• Lined with mucous
membranes
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 9.4
The ureters extend from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Urinary Bladder
• Elastic muscular
sac
 Smooth muscle
tissue
 Lined with mucous
membrane
 Folded into rugae
• Lies in base of
pelvis
 Behind pubic
symphysis
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 9.5
The structure of the urinary bladder.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Urinary Bladder
• Receives urine from ureters
• Stores urine
 Holds 250 mL of urine
• Excretes through urethra
• Involuntary muscle action causes:
 Bladder to contract
 Internal sphincter to relax
• Voluntary muscles control external
sphincter
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Urethra
• Tubular canal lined with mucous
membrane
 1½ inches long in females
 8 inches long in males
• Carries urine from bladder to outside of
body
• External opening is called urinary
meatus
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Urethra
• Releasing urine from body is called
 Micturition
 Voiding
 Urination
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 9.6A
The male urethra extends from the urinary bladder in the floor of the pelvis through the
penis to the urinary meatus.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 9.6B
The much shorter female urethra extends from the urinary bladder to the floor of the
pelvis and exits just in front of the vaginal opening.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Urine
• Normally straw colored to clear
• 95% water
• Contains:




Excess water
Excess electrolytes
Toxins
Nitrogen wastes
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Urine
• Normal 24-hour output 1,000 to 2,000
mL
• Acidic, specific gravity varies
 1:001 to 1:030
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Table 9.1
Values for Urinalysis Testing
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Table 9.2
Abnormal Urinalysis Findings
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
bi/o – life
carcin/o – cancer
corpor/o – body
hem/o – blood
hemat/o – blood
necr/o – death
neur/o – nerve
peritone/o – peritoneum
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Combining Forms
• py/o – pus
• ven/o – vein
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Suffixes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
-al
-algia
-ar
-ary
-cele
-eal
-ectasis
-ectomy
pertaining to
pain
pertaining to
pertaining to
protrusion
pertaining to
dilated
surgical removal
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Suffixes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
-emia
-genic
-gram
-graphy
-ic
-itis
-logist
-logy
blood condition
produced by
record
process of recording
pertaining to
inflammation
one who studies
study of
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Suffixes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
-lysis
-malacia
-megaly
-meter
-oma
-ory
-osis
-ostomy
to destroy
softening
enlarged
instrument to measure
tumor
pertaining to
abnormal condition
create a new opening
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Suffixes
-otomy
-ous
-pathy
-pexy
-plasty
-rrhagia
• -sclerosis
•
•
•
•
•
•
cutting into
pertaining to
disease
surgical fixation
surgical repair
abnormal flow condition
hardening
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Suffixes
• -scope
• -scopy
• -stenosis
• -tic
instrument to visually
examine
process of visually
examining
narrowing
pertaining to
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Prefixes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
anantidysextrahydrointrapolyretro-
without
against
abnormal, difficult
outside of
water
within
many
backward
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anatomical Terms
cystic
pertaining to the urinary bladder
renal
pertaining to the kidney
ureteral
pertaining to a ureter
urethral
pertaining to the urethra
urinary
pertaining to urine
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Anatomical Terms
• Cystic
cyst/o + -ic
 Pertaining to the bladder
• Renal
ren/o + -al
 Pertaining to the kidney
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Anatomical Terms
• Urethral
urethr/o + -al
 Pertaining to the urethra
• Ureteral
ureter/o + -al
 Pertaining to a ureter
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Medical Specialties
nephrology
Branch of medicine involved in diagnosis
and treatment of diseases and disorders of
the kidney. Physician is a nephrologist.
urology
Branch of medicine involved in diagnosis
and treatment of diseases and disorders of
the urinary system (and male reproductive
system). Physician is a urologist.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Signs and Symptoms
anuria
complete lack of urine production and lack
of urine excretion
azotemia
nitrogenous waste in the bloodstream
bacteriuria presence of bacteria in the urine
calculus
stone formed within an organ from mineral
salts
cystalgia
urinary bladder pain
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 9.8
Sectioned kidney specimen illustrating extensive renal calculi.
(Dr. E. Walker/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Signs and Symptoms
cystolith
bladder stone
cystorrhagia profuse bleeding from urinary bladder
diuresis
increased formation and secretion of urine
dysuria
difficult or painful urination
enuresis
involuntary discharge of urine; also called
bed-wetting at night
frequency
greater urge to urinate; no increase in
total volume of urine
glycosuria
presence of sugar in the urine
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Signs and Symptoms
hematuria
presence of blood in the urine
hesitancy
decrease in force of urine stream, often
with difficulty initiating the flow
ketonuria
presence of ketones in the urine; occurs
when body burns fat instead of glucose
for energy
nephrolith
kidney stone
nephromalacia
kidney is abnormally soft
nephromegaly
kidney is enlarged
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Signs and Symptoms
nephrosclerosis
kidney tissue has become hardened
nocturia
having to urinate frequently during the
night
oliguria
producing too little urine
polyuria
producing an unusually large volume
of urine
proteinuria
presence of protein in the urine
pyuria
presence of pus in the urine
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Signs and Symptoms
renal colic
pain caused by a kidney stone
stricture
narrowing of a passageway in the
urinary system
uremia
accumulation of waste products in the
bloodstream
ureterectasis
ureter is stretched our or dilated
ureterolith
stone in the ureter
ureterostenosis ureter has become narrow
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Signs and Symptoms
urethralgia
urethral pain
urethrorrhagia
profuse bleeding from the urethra
urethrostenosis
urethra has become narrow
urgency
feeling the need to urinate
immediately
urinary
incontinence
involuntary release of urine
urinary retention
inability to fully empty the bladder
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 9.9
Healthcare worker draining urine from a bladder catheter bag.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Signs & Symptoms Terms
• Anuria
an- + -uria
 Condition of being without urine
• Cystolith
cyst/o + -lith
 Bladder stone
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Signs & Symptoms Terms
• Glycosuria
glycos/o + -uria
 Condition of sugar in the urine
• Nephromegaly
nephr/o + -megaly
 Enlarged kidney
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Kidney Pathology
acute tubular
necrosis (ATN)
damage to renal tubules due to
toxins in the urine; results in oliguria
diabetic
nephropathy
damage to glomerular capillaries
due to high blood sugar of diabetes
mellitus
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the kidney; more
permeable to protein and blood cells
hydronephrosis
distention of renal pelvis due to
accumulation of urine in the kidney
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Kidney Pathology
nephritis
kidney inflammation
nephrolithiasis
presence of calculi in the kidney;
solidification of salts in the urine
nephroma
kidney tumor
nephropathy
general term for presence of kidney
disease
nephroptosis
downward displacement of the kidney;
floating kidney
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Kidney Stone Video
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Kidney Pathology
nephrotic
damage to glomerulus; protein appears
syndrome (NS) in the urine
polycystic
kidneys
formation of multiple cysts within the
kidney; destroys normal kidney tissue
pyelitis
renal pelvis inflammation
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 9.10
A polycystic kidney on the left compared to a normal kidney on the right.
(Simon Fraser/Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle/Photo Researchers, inc.)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Kidney Pathology
pyelonephritis
inflammation of renal pelvis and
kidney; common type of kidney
disease
renal cell
carcinoma
cancerous tumor of renal tubule cells
renal failure
inability of kidneys to filter wastes;
results in uremia
Wilm’s tumor
malignant kidney tumor; most often
found in children
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Renal Failure Video
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Urinary Bladder Pathology
bladder cancer
cancerous tumor arising from cells
lining bladder; symptom is
hematuria
bladder neck
obstruction
(BNO)
blockage of bladder outlet; often
caused by enlarged prostate gland
cystitis
urinary bladder inflammation
cystocele
protrusion of the urinary bladder
into wall of vagina
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Urinary Bladder Pathology
interstitial cystitis
inflammation and irritation of
bladder
neurogenic
bladder
loss of nervous control; leads to
retention
urinary tract
infection (UTI)
infection of any organ of urinary
system; usually from bacteria;
begins with cystitis and may ascend
into ureters and kidneys
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Pathology Terms
• Polycystic
poly- + cyst/o + -ic
 Pertaining to having multiple pouches
(cysts)
• Pyelonephritis
pyel/o + nephr/o + -itis
 Inflammation of renal pelvis and kidney
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Pathology Terms
• Carcinoma
carcin/o + -oma
 Cancerous tumor
• Cystocele
cyst/o + -cele
 Protrusion of the bladder
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Clinical Laboratory Tests
blood urea
nitrogen
(BUN)
blood test to evaluate kidney function by
measuring level of nitrogenous waste
(urea) in the bloodstream
clean catch
specimen
(CC)
urine sample obtained after cleaning off
the urinary meatus and collecting sample
in midstream
creatinine
clearance
test of kidney function; amount of
creatinine in bloodstream is compared to
amount in the urine
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Clinical Laboratory Tests
urinalysis
(U/A, UA)
physical, chemical, and microscopic
examination of urine
urine culture
& sensitivity
(C&S)
test for bacterial infection; attempt to
grow bacteria on a culture medium in
order to identify it; then determine which
antibiotics it is sensitive to
urinometer
instrument to measure specific gravity of
urine
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Urinalysis Video
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Diagnostic Imaging
cystogram
X-ray record of the bladder
cystography
contrast dye is placed in bladder and then
X-ray is taken; outlines bladder
excretory
urography
(EU)
dye is injected into bloodstream; X-ray
traces the dye as it moves through organs
of the urinary system
intravenous
pyelography
(IVP)
injecting a dye into a vein and then taking
an X-ray to outline the renal pelvis
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Diagnostic Imaging
kidneys, ureters,
bladder (KUB)
abdominal X-ray showing the
kidneys, ureters, and bladder
nephrogram
X-ray record of the kidney
pyelogram
X-ray record of the renal pelvis
retrograde
pyelogram (RP)
dye is inserted through the urethra
to outline the bladder, ureters, and
renal pelvis
voiding
cystourethrography
(VCUG)
dye is placed in the bladder; X-ray
taken to visualize the urethra while
patient is voiding
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 9.11
Color enhanced retrograde pyelogram X-ray. Radiopaque dye outlines urinary bladder,
ureters, and renal pelves.
(Clinique Ste. Catherine/CNRI/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Endoscopic Procedures
cystoscope
instrument used to visually examine
urinary bladder
cystoscopy
(cysto)
visual examination of the urinary bladder
using a cystoscope
urethroscope
instrument used to visually examine
urethra
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Diagnostic Terms
• Urinometer
urin/o + -meter
 Instrument to measure urine (specific
gravity)
• Nephrogram
nephr/o + -gram
 Record of the kidney
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Diagnostic Terms
• Pyeloography
pyel/o + -graphy
 Process of recording the renal pelvis
• Cystoscope
cyst/o + -scope
 Instrument to visually examine bladder
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Medical Treatments
catheter
flexible tube inserted into the body;
commonly through urethra into
bladder
catheterization
(cath)
insertion of a tube through urethra
and into the urinary bladder
extracorporeal
shockwave
lithotripsy
(ESWL)
use of ultrasound waves to break up
renal calculi
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Catheterization Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of catheterization.
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 9.12
Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, a non-invasive procedure using high frequency
sound waves to shatter kidney stones.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Medical Treatments
hemodialysis
(HD)
use of artificial kidney machine to
filter the blood
peritoneal
dialysis
removes wastes using chemically
balanced solutions placed into
peritoneal cavity
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 9.13
Patient undergoing hemodialysis. Patient’s blood passes through hemodialysis machine
for cleansing.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 9.14
Peritoneal dialysis. Chemically balanced solution is placed into the abdominal cavity to
draw impurities out of the bloodstream. It is removed after several hours.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Surgical Treatments
cystectomy
surgical removal of the bladder
cystopexy
surgical fixation of the bladder
cystoplasty
surgical repair of the bladder
cystostomy
create a new opening into the bladder
cystotomy
cutting into the bladder
lithotomy
cutting into (to remove) a stone
lithotripsy
crushing a stone in the bladder or urethra
meatotomy
incision into the meatus
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Surgical Treatments
nephrectomy
surgical removal of a kidney
nephrolithotomy
incision to directly remove stones
from the kidney
nephropexy
surgical fixation of a kidney
nephrostomy
create a new opening into a kidney
nephrotomy
cutting into a kidney
pyeloplasty
surgical repair of the renal pelvis
renal transplant
surgical placement of a donor kidney
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 9.15
Figure illustrates location utilized for implantation of donor kidney.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Therapeutic Terms
• Extracorporeal
extra- + corpor/o + -eal
 Pertaining to outside the body
• Lithotripsy
lith/o + -tripsy
 Surgical crushing of a stone
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Therapeutic Terms
• Cystotomy
cyst/o + -otomy
 Cutting into the bladder
• Nephropexy
nephr/o + -pexy
 Surgical fixation of a kidney
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Urinary System Pharmacology
antibiotic
treats bacterial
infections
prevent or reduce
antispasmodic bladder muscle
spasms
diuretics
increases volume of
urine
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Cipro, Macrobid
Ditropan,
Prostigmine
Lasix, Aldactone
Urinary System Abbreviations
AGN
acute glomerulonephritis
ARF
acute renal failure
ATN
acute tubular necrosis
BNO
bladder neck obstruction
BUN
blood urea nitrogen
cath
catheterization
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Urinary System Abbreviations
Cl–
chloride
CRF
chronic renal failure
C&S
culture and sensitivity
CAPD
continuous ambulatory peritoneal
dialysis
CC
clean catch urine specimen
cysto
cystoscopy
ESRD
end-stage renal disease
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Urinary System Abbreviations
ESWL
extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy
EU
excretory urography
GU
genitourinary
HCO3–
bicarbonate
HD
hemodialysis
H 2O
water
I&O
input and output
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Urinary System Abbreviations
IPD
intermittent peritoneal dialysis
IVP
intravenous pyelogram
K+
potassium
KUB
kidney, ureter, bladder
mL
milliliter
Na+
sodium
NS
nephrotic syndrome
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Urinary System Abbreviations
pH
acidity or alkalinity
RP
retrograde pyelogram
SG, sp.gr.
specific gravity
U/A, UA
urinalysis
UC
urine culture
UTI
urinary tract infection
VCUG
voiding cystourethrography
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Combining Forms Match Up
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
cyst/o
glycos/o
lith/o
nephr/o
olig/o
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
sugar
stone
kidney
scanty
bladder
Classroom Response System
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 1
Which is NOT an organ of the urinary
system?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Kidney
Vas deferens
Bladder
Urethra
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 1
Which is NOT an organ of the urinary
system?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Kidney
Vas deferens
Bladder
Urethra
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 2
In the nephron, blood filters out of the
glomerulus and enters the _______.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Proximal convoluted tubules
Loop of Henle
Bowman’s capsule
Collecting tubule
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 2
In the nephron, blood filters out of the
glomerulus and enters the _______.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Proximal convoluted tubules
Loop of Henle
Bowman’s capsule
Collecting tubule
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 3
Urine drains from the kidney to the
bladder via the ______________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Ureters
Collecting tubule
Urethra
Meatus
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 3
Urine drains from the kidney to the
bladder via the ______________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Ureters
Collecting tubule
Urethra
Meatus
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 4
Which is NOT a function of the kidneys?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Eliminate carbon dioxide
Maintain proper pH
Eliminate waste products
Regulate electrolyte levels
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 4
Which is NOT a function of the kidneys?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Eliminate carbon dioxide
Maintain proper pH
Eliminate waste products
Regulate electrolyte levels
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 5
Nutrients are returned to the bloodstream during which stage of urine
production?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Secretion
Excretion
Filtration
Reabsorption
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 5
Nutrients are returned to the bloodstream during which stage of urine
production?
A. Secretion
B. Excretion
C. Filtration
D. Reabsorption
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 6
Which substance should NOT be found in
urine?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Blood
Glucose
Albumin
None of the above
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 6
Which substance should NOT be found in
urine?
A. Blood
B. Glucose
C. Albumin
D. None of the above
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 7
Which term means a kidney stone?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Nephrosis
Nephrolith
Nephropathy
Nephromegaly
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 7
Which term means a kidney stone?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Nephrosis
Nephrolith
Nephropathy
Nephromegaly
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 8
Which term means the surgical repair of
the bladder?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Cystoplasty
Cystorrhaphy
Cystopexy
Cystectomy
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 8
Which term means the surgical repair of
the bladder?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Cystoplasty
Cystorrhaphy
Cystopexy
Cystectomy
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 9
Which term means “an instrument to
visually examine the urethra”?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Ureteroscope
Urethrostenosis
Ureterometer
Urethroscope
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 9
Which term means “an instrument to
visually examine the urethra”?
A. Ureteroscope
B. Urethrostenosis
C. Ureterometer
D. Urethroscope
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 10
Which term is NOT spelled correctly?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Oligouria
Nocturia
Glycosuria
Proteinuria
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 10
Which term is NOT spelled correctly?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Oligouria
Nocturia
Glycosuria
Proteinuria
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 11
Which term describes the pain associated
with a kidney stone?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Renal colic
Urinary retention
Enuresis
Nephrotic syndrome
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 11
Which term describes the pain associated
with a kidney stone?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Renal colic
Urinary retention
Enuresis
Nephrotic syndrome
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 12
Which condition is caused by toxins
damaging the renal tubules?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Diabetic nephropathy
Acute tubular necrosis
Nephroptosis
Glomerulonephritis
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 12
Which condition is caused by toxins
damaging the renal tubules?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Diabetic nephropathy
Acute tubular necrosis
Nephroptosis
Glomerulonephritis
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 13
Which term describes a decrease in the
force of the urine stream?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Frequency
Urgency
Hesitancy
Retention
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 13
Which term describes a decrease in the
force of the urine stream?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Frequency
Urgency
Hesitancy
Retention
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 14
Which is NOT another term for urination?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Uremia
Micturition
Voiding
All of the above
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 14
Which is NOT another term for urination?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Uremia
Micturition
Voiding
All of the above
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 15
Which of the following tests is used to
identify a bacterial infection?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Blood urea nitrogen
Urine culture and sensitivity
Cystography
Kidneys, ureters, bladder
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 15
Which of the following tests is used to
identify a bacterial infection?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Blood urea nitrogen
Urine culture and sensitivity
Cystography
Kidneys, ureters, bladder
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 16
Which X-ray is also called a “flat plate
abdomen”?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Kidneys, ureters, bladder
Intravenous pyelogram
Excretory urogram
Cystogram
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 16
Which X-ray is also called a “flat plate
abdomen”?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Kidneys, ureters, bladder
Intravenous pyelogram
Excretory urogram
Cystogram
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 17
Which treatment uses an artificial kidney
machine?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Peritoneal dialysis
Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy
Hemodialysis
Antispasmodic
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 17
Which treatment uses an artificial kidney
machine?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Peritoneal dialysis
Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy
Hemodialysis
Antispasmodic
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 18
The process of inserting a flexible tube
into the urinary bladder is called
_________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Catheterization
Meatotomy
Urinalysis
Clean catch specimen
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 18
The process of inserting a flexible tube
into the urinary bladder is called
_________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Catheterization
Meatotomy
Urinalysis
Clean catch specimen
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 19
A medication that increases the volume
of urine produced is a(n) ___________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Enuretic
Lithotic
Diuretic
Nephrotic
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 19
A medication that increases the volume
of urine produced is a(n) ___________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Enuretic
Lithotic
Diuretic
Nephrotic
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 20
Which abbreviation is a blood test?
A.
B.
C.
D.
UTI
KUB
ESWL
BUN
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 20
Which abbreviation is a blood test?
A. UTI
B. KUB
C. ESWL
D. BUN
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht