Chemistry 20 Plan Course Outline Chemistry 20 is the second course towards completion of the chemistry program from Alberta Education. This introductory chemistry course builds on basic content started in Science 10 and introduces students to the topics required to describe chemicals and chemical systems. Successful completion of Chemistry 20 serves as a prerequisite for Chemistry 30. The chemistry program is designed for students planning a postsecondary education. It is also recommended that students taking chemistry have a strong math background. Prerequisite: Science 10 (recommended mark of 65%) Textbook: Nelson Chemistry (2007) Evaluation & Time Distribution: Science 10 Review 3% 2 weeks Chemical Bonding 6% 3 weeks Gases 5% 2 weeks Solutions 9% 4 weeks Cumulative Exam 10% Stoichiometry 12% Labs, Quizzes, Assignments 25% Final Exam 30% TOTAL 100% 4 weeks 18 (16 ps3) weeks Left three days before Christmas as flex time in the course (extra time to work with) Units: A. The Diversity of Matter and Chemical Bonding B. Forms of Matter: Gases C. Matter as Solutions, Acids and Bases D. Quantitative Relationships in Chemical Changes Meeting the ICT outcomes Overview: Meeting the ICT outcomes Computers and technology are integral to our modern way of life. The ICT outcomes promote computer and technological literacy. Science utilizes computers for data analysis as well as data presentation. Students will use technology to record experiments and analyze data in a useful fashion effectively integrating computer technology into the curriculum. Requisite Science 10 Knowledge outcomes applicable to Chemistry 20 Science 10: Unit A : Energy in Matter and Chemical Change Learning Outcomes: Students will: 1. Describe the basic particles that make up the underlying structure of matter, and investigate related technologies • identify historical examples of how humans worked with chemical substances to meet their basic needs (e.g., how pre-contact First Nations communities used biotic and abiotic materials to meet their needs) • outline the role of evidence in the development of the atomic model consisting of protons and neutrons (nucleons) and electrons; i.e., Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr • identify examples of chemistry-based careers in the community (e.g., chemical engineering, cosmetology, food processing) 2. Explain, using the periodic table, how elements combine to form compounds, and follow IUPAC guidelines for naming ionic compounds and simple molecular compounds • illustrate an awareness of WHMIS guidelines, and demonstrate safe practices in the handling, storage and disposal of chemicals in the laboratory and at home • explain the importance of and need for the IUPAC system of naming compounds, in terms of the work that scientists do and the need to communicate clearly and precisely • explain, using the periodic table, how and why elements combine to form compounds in specific ratios • predict formulas and write names for ionic and molecular compounds and common acids (e.g., sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric, ethanoic), using a periodic table, a table of ions and IUPAC rules • classify ionic and molecular compounds, acids and bases on the basis of their properties; i.e., conductivity, pH, solubility, state • predict whether an ionic compound is relatively soluble in water, using a solubility chart • relate the molecular structure of simple substances to their properties (e.g., describe how the properties of water are due to the polar nature of water molecules, and relate this property to the transfer of energy in physical and living systems) • outline the issues related to personal and societal use of potentially toxic or hazardous compounds (e.g., health hazards due to excessive consumption of alcohol and nicotine; exposure to toxic substances; environmental concerns related to the handling, storage and disposal of heavy metals, strong acids, flammable gases, volatile liquids) 3. Identify and classify chemical changes, and write word and balanced chemical equations for significant chemical reactions, as applications of Lavoisier’s law of conservation of mass •provide examples of household, commercial and industrial processes that use chemical reactions to produce useful substances and energy (e.g., baking powder in baking, combustion of fuels, electrolysis of water into H2(g) and O2(g)) • identify chemical reactions that are significant in societies (e.g., reactions that maintain living systems, such as photosynthesis and respiration; reactions that have an impact on the environment, such as combustion reactions and decomposition of waste materials) • describe the evidence for chemical changes; i.e., energy change, formation of a gas or precipitate, colour or odour change, change in temperature • differentiate between endothermic and exothermic chemical reactions (e.g., combustion of gasoline and other natural and synthetic fuels, photosynthesis) • classify and identify categories of chemical reactions; i.e., formation (synthesis), decomposition, hydrocarbon combustion, single replacement, double replacement • translate word equations to balanced chemical equations and vice versa for chemical reactions that occur in living and nonliving systems • predict the products of formation (synthesis) and decomposition, single and double replacement, and hydrocarbon combustion chemical reactions, when given the reactants • define the mole as the amount of an element containing 6.02 × 1023 atoms (Avogadro’s number) and apply the concept to calculate quantities of substances made of other chemical species (e.g., determine the quantity of water that contains 6.02 × 1023 molecules of H2O) • interpret balanced chemical equations in terms of moles of chemical species, and relate the mole concept to the law of conservation of mass Crucial Questions from Science 10 Knowledge outcomes Student understanding regarding the following 16 questions will be covered in the first two weeks of class as per the course outline for chemistry 20 at Winston Churchill. These questions were chosen based upon their concept inclusion within the science 10 chemistry unit and their importance with regard to building student understanding of chemistry going forward. Two to three questions will be addressed per class in the order stated below. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. What are the WHMIS symbols and what do they mean? What is all matter composed of? What subatomic particles make up the atom? Which subatomic particles are involved in most/all chemical reactions? How is the Periodic Table organized? What happens in ion formation, with regard to valence electrons? How scientists name ionic and molecular compounds? What is a chemical reaction? Classify and balance the types of chemical reactions? Exothermic and Endothermic? 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. What are acids and bases? What does solubility mean? How do we use a solubility table? What is molar mass and how do we find it? What does mole mean, or Avagadro’s number? How does mole have to do with conservation of mass? Tentative First Two Week Schedule Monday – Sep 1 Holiday Sep 8 ROUND 2 TEXT BOOKS Quiz: (Periodic table structure, electron configuration, level diagram) Naming Compounds Chemical Reaction Characteristics Types of Chemical Reactions, Prediction of reactions exothermic and Endothermic TASKS: Tuesday -2 classes Sep 2 Meet and greet the students Explain Chemistry 20 course according to outline. Expectations and Rules Wednesday Sep 3 – day 2 GET TEXTBOOKS WHMIS Symbols Atoms, atomic Structure, (Valence shell electrons) Solids Liquids and gases Periodic Table Structure. (groups and SPDF) Handouts: Periodic Table Assignment 1 Thursday double Sep 4 Periodic table structure – SPDF block structure, counting electrons Electron configurations Electron shell/level diagrams TASKS: Mark Assignment 1 Handouts: Assignment 2 Friday Sep 5 Quiz: (WHMIS Symbols quiz + Periodic Table Structure) Ion Formation Effect upon energy level diagrams and electron configuration. TASKS: Mark Assig 2 Handout: Assignment 3 Sep 9 Quiz: (Ion Formation, Energy level diagrams of ions Electron configuration of Ions) Acid and Base characteristics Balancing Chemical Reactions Solubility Tables TASKS: Mark assign 4 Handouts: Assign 5 Sep 10 Quiz: (Characteristics of Chemical Reactions, classification, product prediction, endo and exothermic) Avagadro’s number moles, molar mass, Conservation of Mass. TASKS: Mark Assign 5 Handouts: Assign 6 Sep 11 Quiz (acids bases, reaction balancing, solubility) Task: Mark assign 6 Review of Problem Areas Review package Sep 12 Review of Science 10 Chemistry Test Mark Assign 3 Handout: Assign 4 Materials Preparation for first two weeks – 1. Periodic Table, 6 assignments, 5 quizzes, Science 10 review test On to Chem 20 material Chemistry 20 learning outcomes from the program of studies Unit A: The Diversity of Matter and Chemical Bonding Themes: Diversity and Matter Overview: Concepts, models and theories are often used in interpreting and explaining observations and in predicting future observations. The major focus of this unit is to relate theories about bonding to the properties of matter and to develop explanations and descriptions of structure and bonding through scientific models. Students learn about the diversity of matter through the investigation of ionic compounds and molecular substances. This unit should be complete by: Key Concepts: The following concepts are developed in this unit and may also be addressed in other units or in other courses. The intended level and scope of treatment is defined by the outcomes. • chemical bond • ionic bond • covalent bond • electronegativity • polarity • valence electron • intramolecular and intermolecular forces • hydrogen bond • electron dot diagrams • Lewis structures • valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory Focusing Questions Learning Outcomes GLO 1: Students will describe the role of modelling, evidence and theory in explaining and understanding the structure, chemical bonding and properties of ionic compounds. 20–A1.1k recall principles for assigning names to ionic compounds 20–A1.2k explain why formulas for ionic compounds refer to the simplest whole-number ratio of ions that result in a net charge of zero 20–A1.3k define valence electron, electronegativity, ionic bond and intramolecular force 20–A1.4k use the periodic table and electron dot diagrams to support and explain ionic bonding theory 20–A1.5k explain how an ionic bond results from the simultaneous attraction of oppositely charged ions 20–A1.6k explain that ionic compounds form lattices and that these structures relate to the compounds’ properties; e.g., melting point, solubility, reactivity. GLO 2: Students will describe the role of modelling, evidence and theory in explaining and understanding the structure, chemical bonding and properties of molecular substances. 20–A2.1k recall principles for assigning names to molecular substances 20–A2.2k explain why formulas for molecular substances refer to the number of atoms of each constituent element 20–A2.3k relate electron pairing to multiple and covalent bonds 20–A2.4k draw electron dot diagrams of atoms and molecules, writing structural formulas for molecular substances and using Lewis structures to predict bonding in simple molecules 20–A2.5k apply VSEPR theory to predict molecular shapes for linear, angular (V-shaped, bent), tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal and trigonal planar molecules 20–A2.6k illustrate, by drawing or by building models, the structure of simple molecular substances 20–A2.7k explain intermolecular forces, London (dispersion) forces, dipole-dipole forces and hydrogen bonding 20–A2.8k relate properties of substances (e.g., melting and boiling points, enthalpies of fusion and vaporization) to the predicted intermolecular bonding in the substances 20–A2.9k determine the polarity of a molecule based on simple structural shapes and unequal charge distribution 20–A2.10k describe bonding as a continuum ranging from complete electron transfer to equal sharing of electrons. Unit B: Forms of Matter: Gases Themes: Matter, Change and Energy Overview: Students expand their knowledge of the nature of matter through the investigation of the properties and behaviour of gases. Key Concepts: The following concepts are developed in this unit and may also be addressed in other units or in other courses. The intended level and scope of treatment is defined by the outcomes. • Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales • Boyle’s law • ideal gas law • standard temperature and pressure (STP) • standard ambient temperature and pressure (SATP) • absolute zero • real and ideal gases • law of combining volumes • Charles’s law FOFOCUSING QUESTIONS How do familiar observations of gases relate to specific scientific models describing the behaviour of gases? What is the relationship among the pressure, temperature, volume and amount of a gas? How is the behaviour of gases used in various technologies? GLO 1: Students will explain molecular behaviour, using models of the gaseous state of matter. 20–B1.1k describe and compare the behaviour of real and ideal gases in terms of kinetic molecular theory 20–B1.2k convert between the Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales 20–B1.3k explain the law of combining volumes 20–B1.4k illustrate how Boyle’s and Charles’s laws, individually and combined, are related to the ideal gas law (PV = nRT) • express pressure in a variety of ways, including units of kilopascals, atmospheres and millimetres of mercury • perform calculations, based on the gas laws, under STP, SATP and other defined conditions. Unit C: Matter as Solutions, Acids and Bases Themes: Matter, Diversity, Systems and Change Overview: Students gain insight into the nature of matter through an investigation of change in the context of solutions, acids and bases. Key Concepts: The following concepts are developed in this unit and may also be addressed in other units or in other courses. The intended level and scope of treatment is defined by the outcomes. • homogeneous mixtures • solubility • electrolyte/nonelectrolyte • concentration • dilution • strong acids and bases • weak acids and bases • monoprotic/polyprotic acid • monoprotic/polyprotic base • Arrhenius (modified) theory of acids and bases • indicators • hydronium ion/pH • hydroxide ion/pOH • neutralization GLO 1: Students will investigate solutions, describing their physical and chemical properties. 20–C1.1k recall the categories of pure substances and mixtures and explain the nature of homogeneous mixtures 20–C1.2k provide examples from living and nonliving systems that illustrate how dissolving substances in water is often a prerequisite for chemical change 20–C1.3k explain dissolving as an endothermic or exothermic process with respect to the breaking and forming of bonds 20–C1.4k differentiate between electrolytes and nonelectrolytes 20–C1.5k express concentration in various ways; i.e., moles per litre of solution, percent by mass and parts per million 20–C1.6k calculate, from empirical data, the concentration of solutions in moles per litre of solution and determine mass or volume from such concentrations 20–C1.7k calculate the concentrations and/or volumes of diluted solutions and the quantities of a solution and water to use when diluting 20–C1.8k use data and ionization/dissociation equations to calculate the concentration of ions in a solution 20–C1.9k define solubility and identify related factors; i.e., temperature, pressure and miscibility 20–C1.10k explain a saturated solution in terms of equilibrium; i.e., equal rates of dissolving and crystallization 20–C1.11k describe the procedures and calculations required for preparing and diluting solutions. GLO 2: Students will describe acidic and basic solutions qualitatively and quantitatively. 20–C2.1k recall International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature of acids and bases 20–C2.2k recall the empirical definitions of acidic, basic and neutral solutions determined by using indicators, pH and electrical conductivity 20–C2.3k calculate H3O+(aq) and OH–(aq) concentrations and the pH and pOH of acidic and basic solutions based on logarithmic expressions; i.e., pH = –log[H3O+] and pOH = –log[OH–] 20–C2.4k use appropriate Système international (SI) units to communicate the concentration of solutions and express pH and concentration answers to the correct number of significant digits; i.e., use the number of decimal places in the pH to determine the number of significant digits of the concentration 20–C2.5k compare magnitude changes in pH and pOH with changes in concentration for acids and bases 20–C2.6k explain how the use of indicators, pH paper or pH meters can be used to measure H3O+(aq) 20–C2.7k define Arrhenius (modified) acids as substances that produce H3O+(aq) in aqueous solutions and recognize that the definition is limited 20–C2.8k define Arrhenius (modified) bases as substances that produce OH–(aq) in aqueous solutions and recognize that the definition is limited 20–C2.9k define neutralization as a reaction between hydronium and hydroxide ions 20–C2.10k differentiate, qualitatively, between strong and weak acids and between strong and weak bases on the basis of ionization and dissociation; i.e., pH, reaction rate and electrical conductivity 20–C2.11k identify monoprotic and polyprotic acids and bases and compare their ionization/dissociation. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Recall differences between Pure Substance, Mixture and Homogeneous Mixtures (solutions) Describe how dissolving substances in water is necessary for chemical reactions to take place Describe the difference between Solvent and Solute Describe dissolving as an exothermic or endothermic process, due to breaking and forming of bonds Differentiate between Electrolytes and Non-electrolytes Express concentration Molarity, % mass, and parts per million (ppm) Calculate the concentration of solution in moles per litre Calculate the concentration and volume of solution dilutions (adding more solvent or what concentration of original stock solution was) Use dissociation equations to calculate the concentration of Ions in solution Identify related solubility factors – Temperature, pressure, Miscibility Explain that equilibrium of saturated solution is an equal amount dissolving and crystallizing 12. Describe the procedure for preparing solutions of known concentration by dilution or from pure substance. Second Topic - Acids and Bases 1. Recall naming of acids and bases 2. Recall definitions of acidic, basic and neutral solutions determined by using indicators (litmus paper, pH and electrical conductivity 3. Calculate H3O+(aq) and OH–(aq) concentrations and the pH and pOH of acidic and basic solutions 4. Express pH and concentration to the right number of significant digits 5. Compare changes in pH and pOH with changes in concentration for acids and bases 6. Explain how indicators are used to test for acids 7. Define acids (Arrhenius definition) as substances that produce H3O+(aq) in aqueous solutions 8. Define Bases (Arrhenius definition) as substances that produce OH–(aq) in aqueous solutions 9. Define Neutralization as the reaction between hydronium and hydroxide 10. Differentiate, by calculation, between strong and weak acids and bases in relation to their ionization and dissociation. pH, reaction rate and electrical conductivity. 11. Identify monoprotic and polyprotic acids and compare their dissociation and ionization. Polyprotic can donate more than one H+(aq) to solution Unit D: Quantitative Relationships in Chemical Changes Themes: Matter and Change Overview: Students focus on chemical change and the quantitative relationships contained in balanced chemical equations. They are required to use stoichiometric principles and mathematical manipulation to predict quantities of substances consumed or produced in chemical reaction systems. Key Concepts: The following concepts are developed in this unit and may also be addressed in other units or in other courses. The intended level and scope of treatment is defined by the outcomes. • chemical reaction equations • net ionic equations • spectator ions • reaction stoichiometry • precipitation • limiting and excess reagents • actual, theoretical and percent yield • titration • end point • equivalence point • titration curves for strong acids and bases GLO 1: Students will explain how balanced chemical equations indicate the quantitative relationships between reactants and products involved in chemical changes. 20–D1.1k predict the product(s) of a chemical reaction based upon the reaction type 20–D1.2k recall the balancing of chemical equations in terms of atoms, molecules and moles 20–D1.3k contrast quantitative and qualitative analysis 20–D1.4k write balanced ionic and net ionic equations, including identification of spectator ions, for reactions taking place in aqueous solutions 20–D1.5k calculate the quantities of reactants and/or products involved in chemical reactions, using gravimetric, solution or gas stoichiometry. GLO 2: Students will use stoichiometry in quantitative analysis. 20–D2.1k explain chemical principles (i.e., conservation of mass in a chemical change), using quantitative analysis 20–D2.2k identify limiting and excess reagents in chemical reactions 20–D2.3k define theoretical yields and actual yields 20–D2.4k explain the discrepancy between theoretical and actual yields 20–D2.5k draw and interpret titration curves, using data from titration experiments involving strong monoprotic acids and strong monoprotic bases 20–D2.6k describe the function and choice of indicators in titrations 20–D2.7k identify equivalence points on strong monoprotic acid–strong monoprotic base titration curves and differentiate between the indicator end point and the equivalence point. Organization: I have presented the topics and the assignments I plan on introducing, along with the weeks for each unit. I have not presented it as per day as I do not find this useful or beneficial as students needs vary. Changes to assignments and topic material will change as needed to meet the weakly knowledge goals. Small class starting quizzes that test cumulative knowledge are also not presently shown as they tend to beginning of class exercises designed to start class on the right foot and stimulate information recall in preparation for the final examination. Schedule by Week Week Week 1 Sep 2 - 5 Unit Review Topics Atomic Structure Material layout Atoms and ions Ionic and molecular compounds Week 2 Sep 8 - 12 Review Nomenclature Compounds Reactions balancing reactions Week 3 Sep 15 – 19 Bonding A1.1 – A1.5 A2.1 – A2.4 A2.10 Finish review Introduction to bonding Key concepts Intramolecular bonding Ionic and molecular naming The mole Mathematical conversions Review Period Introduction to bonding and orbital theory Molecular modeling Metallic Bonds Electronegativity Assignments Worksheet bundle + Addison Wesley black line masters from science 10 Review Unit Questions Review Unit Test Pg 78-84 Pg 84 – #4-10pg Pg 85-90 Pg 89 #6, 90 #1 - 5 Worksheet Bonding game Ionic Compound formulas Molecular compound formulas VSEPR theory and molecular polarity Intermolecular bonding continued Polarity Lewis Structures Week 4 Sep 22 - 26 Bonding A2.5 - A2.9 Intermolecular bonding (video on intermolecular forces) – dipole-dipole – London forces Hydrogen bonding Week 5 Sep 29 – Oct 3 Bonding A1.6 Ionic compounds: Covalent Network Review of bonding Continuous lattice Structures. Ramifications of polar bonds in covalent network Week 6 Oct 6 - 10 Gases B1.1 – B1.3 Introduction to gases, basic laws Boyles Law Charles Law Combined gas law Demonstration/work Week 7 Oct 13 - 17 Gases B1.4 Conditions/volume STP/SATP calculations Kinetic molecular Gas volume Mol / volume Pg 96 1-4 Pg 104 #2,3,4,5,6,10 Quiz – Lewis , bond polarity, compound formulas Worksheet packet Pushed into next week Page 110 – Exercise #3A Worksheet on Intermolecular forces Pg 117 #1-5 Pg 118 # 12 Pg 119 - 129 Quiz: Intermolecular forces Pg 122 # 1,7,10,11 Pg 128 #13,14,18 Network structure Game Unit Review Questions Pg 138 #26,28,29,31,34, 38,39,41, 43, 47,48,49,50, 53 60 Bonding Test Pg 146 – 157 Pg 150 2-4 Pg 152 6-10 Pg 156 14 -16, 18 Pg 161 #1-7 Worksheet Quiz – gas laws Pg 163 – 181 Pg 166 #5-7 Pg 171 # 6-14 relationships Week 8 Oct 20 - 24 Solutions Acid Base Introduction to solutions Energy Changes Aqueous solutions Week 9 Oct 27 – Oct 31 Solutions Acid Base Concentration of species in solution Week 10 Nov 3 – 7 Solutions Acid Base Skill objectives Week 11 Nov 10 – 14 (short week) Solutions Acid Base Acids and bases pH Week 12 Nov 17 – 21 (short week) Solutions Acid Base Hydronium PH calculations calculations Ideal Gas Law Lab – molar mass Review Molar volume worksheet Pg 176 9-12 Gas calculation Worksheet2 Lab report Review Pg 181 – 1-19 Chapter test Solutions and mixtures Demo solutions Dissociation/ionization Lab Exercise 5A separation Pg 195 #1-7 Electrolyte Demo Conductivi conductivity Pg 197 -201 Litmus acid/base/neut Lab exercise 5B ( Review ionization and pg 202) dissociation Pg 202 #1-3, 8-10 Concentration Pg 203 – 213 Ion concentration Nelson worksheet Ionization and 22 dissociation Types 1-6 worksheet Pg 212 #17-19 Pg 214 #12 Concentration Practice worksheet Quiz concentration Solution preparation Pg 215-219 Dilution worksheet Making solutions skill lab - lab Pg 216 # 1-9 Introduction to Acids Chapter 5 review and Bases What is an acid? Reactions that What is a base? generate acids and - Pg 237 5,7 bases - Pg 239 1-3 - Pg 242 4,5,7 - Pg 243 9 – 11 -Acids naming worksheet Calculation of PH - Chapter 5 andPOH skills practice Auto-ionization of worksheet Week 13 Nov 24 - 28 Quantitative Chemical Change Week 14 Dec 1 – 5 Quantitative Chemical Change Week 15 Dec 8 - 12 Quantitative chemical Change Week 16 Dec 15 - 19 Quantitative chemical change Gravimetric stoichiometry water Acid base reactions Buffer solutions Monoprotic and polyprotic acids and bases - Review / review -Unit Test solutions Acids and bases Review Science 10- bonding Gases Cumulative booklet finish all questions Midterm test Decomposition of baking soda Terms procedures types of stoich and examples Nelson 7.2 Indicators lab Pg 247 1-4 Pg 251 1,2 Pg 253 1-8 Pg 255 4,5 Pg 257 7-9 Pg 259 3-10 Pg 265 unit 3 review – 1-17, Part 2-odds Pg 276-283 Net ionic equations Questions 1-6 Pg 272 1-10 Pg 284 -290 #8-14 Pre-lab calculation Labe write up from 7.2 Percent yield and Read pg 290 -293 difference Lab exercises 7A,B Gas stoichiometry 293 #8-10 SATP – STP Quiz net ionic Gas Stoich PV = nRT equations Solution Stoichiometry Worksheets Gas Stoichiometry and solution stoichiometry Chapter 7 review Chapter 7 review pg 309 1-14, 2031, 33 Chapter 7 test This schedule unfortunately does not finish the course. The regular teacher will still need to cover titrations and qualitative analysis – chapter 8 issues + review for course final.