HONORS CHEMISTRY SPRING FINAL EXAM TOPICS SHEET (What a year it was!)
Significant Figures
Significant Figures and Operations
Metric System (prefixes)
Dimensional Analysis
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------Matter
Pure Substances (elements and compounds)
Mixtures (homogeneous and heterogeneous)
Suspensions and Colloids
Tyndall Effect
Chemical and Physical Properties
Chemical and Physical Changes
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------Atomic Structure
Nuclear Symbols
Atomic Number
Mass Number
Atomic Mass
Isotopes
Electron Configurations / Shorthand Configurations / Valence Configurations
Isoelectronic Configurations
Quantum Numbers
Degenerate Orbitals
Orbital Diagrams
“Light” math (3 equations)
Frequency, Wavelength, and Energy – How are they related to each other?
Important People
The amu
Ion Formation
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------Periodic Trends (Shielding, Effective Nuclear Charge, Atomic Radius, Ionic Radius, Ionization Energy, Electron Affinity,
Electronegativity, Reactivity, Metallic Character)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------Ionic Bonding and Covalent Bonding
Lattice Energy
Lewis Structures, Electron Domains, and Molecular Geometry
Sigma and Pi bonding
Bond Polarity and Molecular Polarity
IMFs (DD, HB, LDF)
Which molecules have the highest boiling point and slowest rate of evporation?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------Writing names and formulas for organic compounds
Isomers
Writing names and formulas for ionic compounds, molecular compounds and acids
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------5 Types of Reactions
Predicting products of chemical reactions
Know basic solubility rules (all nitrates and all alkali metal ion compounds are soluble!)
Activity Series / Oxidation / Reduction
Oxidation Numbers
Net Ionic Equations
Redox Reactions in Acidic Solution (½ reactions)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The mole and Avogadro’s Number (moles to representative particles conversions and vice versa)
Molar Mass (moles to mass conversions and vice versa)
The Mole Map
Percent Composition
Empirical Formulas and Molecular Formulas
Hydrated Ionic Compounds – Percent Composition and “X” (for example MgSO47H2O)
Combustion Analysis
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Stoichiometry and Balanced Equations
The Stoichiometry Map (with gases and solutions [Molarity] added as well)
Percent Yield
Limiting and Excess Reactants
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------States of Matter and the Kinetic Molecular Theory
Properties of the sates of matter
Gases and P, V, T, and n
Rleationship between P, V, T, and n
Gas Laws – Boyle, Charles, Gay-Lussac, Combined, & Dalton
Ideal Gas Law, Ideal Gas Law solved for molar mass
Effusion, Diffusion and Graham’s Law
Changes of State
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Heat
Heat Gained = Heat Lost
Q=Cm∆T Q=Hfusm Q=Hvapm
Specific Heat Capacity, Molar Heat Capacity, Heat Capacity
Chemical Energy (also known as Enthalpy) vs Physical Energy (also known as heat)
Enthalpy Diagrams for exothermic and endothermic reactions
Enthalpy Diagrams with Activation Energy
Hess’ Law
Summation Equation: ∆Hrxn = n∆Hf(products) - n∆Hf(reactants)
Phase Diagrams, Triple Point, Critical Point
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------Thermodynamics, Entropy and Free Energy
∆G = ∆H-T∆S
Spontaneity and the Thermodynamic Tug of War
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------Kinetics – How to increase the rate of a reaction
Initial rates of appearance and disappearance
Rate Laws
Determining “m” and “n” (order of reaction = m+n)
Determining the rate constant (k) with units
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------Equilibrium definition: when the rate of the ________________rxn = the rate of the ________________rxn.
Equilibrium expressions and Keq (what about solids and liquids?)
LeChatelier’s Principle (including volume changes for gaseous systems)
The ICE Box and solving for equilibrium concentrations when initial concentrations are given
The ICE Box and solving for Keq (no “x” in the ICE box)
Q and K
Solubility Equilibrium and Ksp
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------Strong, Weak, and Non Electrolytes
Arrhenius Acids and Bases
Bronsted Lowry Acids and Bases
Strong and Weak Acids
Strong and Weak Bases
Kw and water
Definition of Acids and Bases
Ka and Kb
Conjugate acids and bases
Determining pH and pOH for various solutions (consult acid base help sheet)
Titration Calculations and Titration Curves
Buffers
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------Molality and the Colligative Properties of Freezing Point and Boiling Point