Biology
midterm review
Levels of organization

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ
system

Organism

Population

Community

Ecosystem
Plant cell
1. cell wall
2. jelly-like
material
cytoplasm
3. nucleus
control center
4. vacuole
5. green
organelle
chloroplast
Plants
Multicellular
Carry out photosynthesis
Examples: corn (maize), beans and peas
Animals
Multicellular
Do not carry out photosynthesis
Animals
What are the two main types?
Invertebrates: no backbone
– insects, worms, starfish
Vertebrates: Backbone
– fish, frogs, reptiles,
birds and mammals
Fungi
Some are multicellular
Some are unicellular (one celled)
Never have chloroplasts
– cannot photosynthesise
Protoctists
Organisms that don't fit into the plant,
animal or fungus kingdoms.
Some are unicellular, some are multicellular
Examples: Amoeba, algae
Bacteria
Unicellular
Most are much smaller and
simpler than the cells of plants,
animals, or protoctist.
viruses
All are parasites: can only reproduce
inside a living cell.
Much smaller than bacterial cells.
viruses
Very simple structure:
DNA or RNA inside a protein shell.
Do not feed, excrete, respire, move,
grow or respond.
Do reproduce by taking over the cells
of a larger organism.
Pathogen Disease causing organism or virus.
_________:
May be fungi, bacteria, protoctist or virsuses
___________:
process that releases energy
respiration
from foods.
ventilation process that moves air in and
__________:
out of the lungs.
breathing
___________:
more common term for
ventilation.
1 trachea
4
lung
bronchiole
3
s
2diaphragm
alveoli
???
The inner trachea is covered with a
mucus
thin layer of __________,
What does this do?
It traps dirt and bacteria.
Chapter 3
cilia
Some cells inside the trachea have _________,
small hair-like structures.
sweep back and forth,
The cilia _______________
moving
the mucus towards the mouth.
_____________________________.
This prevents the dirt and bacteria
from entering the lungs.
Chapter 3
destroys
Smoking ________________
the cilia.
What two gases are exchanged
in the alveoli?
oxygen and carbon dioxide
This means the lungs are removing
carbon dioxide
__________________
from the blood and
absorbing _______________
into the blood.
oxygen
__emphysema__
__??????__
Smoking damages
the walls of the alveoli
alveoli,
which break down
and join together.
What is the highly addictive drug
in cigarette smoke?
nicotine
carbon monoxide
Cigarette smoke contains __________________
which bonds with your blood more
strongly than oxygen. This stops oxygen
from entering your blood.
Chapter 3
Cigarette smoke contains
hundreds of chemicals,
at least 17 are known to cause
cancer
or increase your risk for __________.
What nation has the largest number of
smoking-related deaths in the world?
China
Because of a sharp increase in cigarette sales
in the last 30 years, around 2,000 people a day
are currently dying of smoking in China.
Define diet:
The food and drink we consume (eat
and drink).
A healthy diet has a balance of five
food substances, what are they?
carbohydrates,
lipids,
proteins,
minerals and
vitamins
Which of the five substances is the body's main fuel?
carbohydrates
What are carbohydrates made of?
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen.
What are the two kinds of carbohydrates?
Simple and complex.

lipids
Fats and oils are also know as _______.
Proteins
What plant foods are good sources of protein?
Beans, peas and nuts have
protein.

Our bodies are made up mostly of which four
elements?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
What are minerals?

Minerals are the other elements our body
needs. (not carbon, hydrogen, oxygen or
nitrogen)
Name some important minerals.
Calcium Ca
Iron Fe
Sodium Na
True of false:
Most of us do not get enough sodium in our
diets.
False!
Most of us eat more sodium than is healthy.
Too much can lead to high blood pressure.
Vitamins
True or false:
All vitamins are lipids.
False!
Vitamins are different chemically from the other
food substances (including lipids).
Name a vitamin and one use in the body
Vitamin
Vitamin
D: D:
needed for good bones, a healthy
immune system and other things.
Vitamin A:
for healthy eyes.
Vitamin C: connective tissue, healing of
wounds and cuts
Parts of the digestive system
mouth
esophagus
stomach
sm. intestine
lg. intestine
rectum
anus
esophagus
stomach
small
intestine
large
intestine
rectum
anus
liver
gall
bladder
pancreas
What are the three kinds of blood
vessels?
What are the three kinds of blood
vessels?
1. arteries
2. veins
3. capillaries
In which blood vessel is the blood
flowing towards the heart ?
a. arteries
b. veins
c. capillaries
In which blood vessel is the blood
flowing towards the heart ?
a. arteries
b. veins
c. capillaries
In which blood vessel is the blood
flowing away from the heart ?
a. arteries
b. veins
c. capillaries
In which blood vessel is the blood
flowing away from the heart ?
a. arteries
b. veins
c. capillaries
Which blood vessel connects the other
two kinds?
a. arteries
b. veins
c. capillaries
Which blood vessel connects the other
two kinds?
a. arteries
b. veins
c. capillaries
How many chambers does the
heart have?
The heart has four chambers.
Name the four chambers.
right atrium
right ventricle
left atrium
left ventricle
3
1
2
4
Which chamber?
atrium
The right
______________
receives
oxygen-poor blood from the rest of
the body.
right ventricle pumps the
The ______________
oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.
The left
_____atrium
________ receives
oxygen-rich blood from the lungs.
Theleft
____ventricle
_________ pumps oxygenrich blood to the rest of the body.
Blood is a tissue made up of four
components. What are they?
1. plasma
2. red blood cells
3. white blood cells
4.platelets
Plasma
____________ contains proteins,
sugar, hormones and gases; and makes
up most of the blood.
plasma
Red blood cells
____ ______ ______ carry oxygen
to other cells of the body.
 _____
White
____
blood____
cells help your body
fight infection..
Platelets
___________ are large cell fragments
that help form blood clots.
Blood pressure
______ ________ is the force that
blood exerts on blood vessels.

Low
_______ blood pressure can keep
oxygen and other materials from other
cells.

High
__________
blood pressure causes
strain on arteries and veins and can
cause the heart to work harder than it
should.
Name the four different
blood types

A
B
AB
O

Blood Types
proteins
Each red blood cell contains _______

that determine blood type.
Blood Types
People without either A or b protein have
O blood.
type ____
Blood Types
Some people have both A and B proteins,
AB blood.
resulting in type ____