Chapter 18
The Muslim World Expands
Chapter 18
The Muslim World Expands,
1300-1700
Ruler Supreme
Create the ultimate ruler by choosing traits of rulers from the Ottoman
and Mughal Empires.
Keep in mind: Goals shared by these rulers included• Expanding their territory
• Protecting their empire
• Controlling the population either strictly or leniently (backgrounds,
religion, taxes)
You have taken power of a small territory surrounded by neighboring
empires. I want you to pick 4 tactics/qualities of rulers from chapter
18 which impacted the growth (or decline) of their Empires. Please
tell me the name of each ruler, and the empire he or she reigned
from (Ottoman or Mughal), after describing his or her trait. Then,
write a paragraph explaining the outcomes of your ruler’s empire.
Don’t forget to name your ruler!
Due Friday at the beginning of class
Name
Date
Period
Your Ruler’s Name
1. Describe a characteristic (Name of Ruler, Empire)
2. Describe a characteristic (Name of Ruler, Empire)
3. Describe a characteristic (Name of Ruler, Empire)
4. Describe a characteristic (Name of Ruler, Empire)
Paragraph explaining the outcomes from your choices. Remember that a paragraph
is typically a minimum of three sentences. Please do not do the minimum
Chapter 18 Section 1- The
Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
• Anatolian Turks saw themselves as warriors for Islam or
ghazis.
• The most successful of the ghazis was Osman who
people in the West called Othman and his followers the
Ottomans.
• Osman built a small Muslim state in Anatolia between
1300 and 1326.
Military Success
• The Ottomans’ military
success was based on
the use of gunpowder
• Osman’s son Orkhan I
declared himself sultan,
meaning “overlord” or
“one with power”
• In 1361 The Ottomans
conquered Adrianople
• Acted kindly toward the
people they conquered
• Mehmed II or Mehmed the Conqueror completes
the conquest of Constantinople.
• Constantinople made trade easier for the Ottoman
Empire. *map: pg.508
• Constantinople became Istanbul and was open to
people of many religious backgrounds.
Ottoman
Empire
Selim the Grim, Mehmed’s grandson captures the holy cities of
Islam (Mecca and Medina) and Cairo.
Suleyman the Lawgiver
• Suleyman the Lawgiver came to the throne in 1520 and ruled for 46
years.
• Suleyman was a superb military leader and continued to conquer
cities along the coast of Africa and into Europe
• Suleyman’s army invaded as far as into central Europe and Asia
• Suleyman became the most powerful monarch on earth.
Suleyman the Lawgiver
• Suleyman re-structured the government making it more efficient
• He also created a law code to handle both criminal and civil disputes
Devrishme System- Suleyman drafted young men from the christian
territories he conquered to be janisseries, an elite force of educated
soldiers
• Granted freedom of worship to other religious communities
The Ottoman Empire Declines
Suleyman’s Legacy
Suleyman killed his oldest son and sent another into exile. A pattern
emerged and it became cusomary for a sultan to strangle his
brothers. They would also keep their sons in prison cutting them off
from an education. This produced a long line of week sultans
Culture Flourishes under Suleyman
• Suleyman found time to study poetry, architecture,
astronomy, mathematics, and history
• A creative period, similar to the European Renaissance
took place under Suleyman
• The Mosque of Suleyman:
Includes four schools, a library,
a bath house, and a hospital
Chapter 18 Section 2- The Mughal
Empire
• Muslim nomads, who
called themselves
Mughals, invade what is
now India
• Between the 13 and 16th
centuries a series of
Sultans (33 to be exact)
ruled the a divided
territory
Babur Unites an Empire
• Babur was a Mongol
leader and descendant of
Genghis Khan
• The Moghal Empire was
founded when Babur
defeated the last of the
sultans in 1526 and
united the territories
(Babur defeated the Sultan
at the Battle of Panipat
where they used
gunpowder for the first
time in India)
Akbar’s Golden Age
• Akbar, Babur’s grandson, ruled the
Empire from 1556 to 1605 after his
father, Babur’s son, lost most of the
territory Babur had gained
• Akbar lead with wisdom and tolerance and under
his rule the empire grew considerably
• Believed that military power was the root of his
strength
Akbar’s Golden Age
“School of Thought” by AkbarA king must always be aggressive so
that his neighbors will not try to conquer
him
Military Power and political wisdom…A winning combination
• Akbar equipped his armies with heavy artillery
such as cannons which enabled him to invade
walled cities
• He appointed rajputs as officers, turning
potential enemies into allies
Rajputs: members of landowning clans in India and Pakistan
Akbar’s Golden Age
• Akbar too, was a Muslim
• He firmly defended religious freedom and allowed
his people to practice different faiths
• Allowed natives and foreigners, Hindus and
Muslims to participate as government officials
- This contributed to the quality of his government
Akbar’s Golden Age
The Languages of the Mughal Empire under Akbar
• Persian was the language of Akbar’s court and of high culture
• Common people spoke Hindi, a mixture of Persian and local language,
and one of the most widely spoken languages of India today
• Out of the Mughal armies came a new language Urdu (Akbar’s soldiers,
like his officials, came from a variety of backgrounds and cultures)
Art and Literature of the Mughal Court
Miniatures- small, highly detailed, colorful paintings used as book
illustrations or kept in albums
Tulsi Das- a poet, retold the epic love story of Rama and Sita in
Ramcaritmanas
Architecture- a style known for massive but graceful structures decorated
with intricate stonework depicting Hindu themes; still known as Akbar
period architecture
Akbar’s Successors
Jahangir and Nur Jahan- Akbar’s son,
Jahangir, left the affairs of the state to his
wife, Nur Jahan. She ruled with an iron hand.
Jahangir was tollerant of all religions (like his
father) until his son, Khusrau, rebelled and
turned to the Sikhs- a nonviolent religious
group. The Sikhs became the target of
Mughal hatred.
Akbar’s Successors
Shah Jahan- Jahangir’s son and successor
Could not tolerate competition- secured his throne by
assassinating all possible rivals
Built the Taj Mahal, a memorial to his wife Mumtaz
Mahal.
The people of the empire suffered from famine and
heavy taxes to support their rulers extravagant lifestyle
Akbar’s Successors
Aurangzeb- The third son of Shah Jahan took power after his
father became ill by executing his oldest brother and putting
his father in prison
Aurangzeb was an aggressive empire builder who expanded
the Mughal empire to its greatest size, but…
The power of the empire weakened because largely because
of Aurangzeb’s oppression of his people
Not as open-minded as his successors, he taxed non-muslims
and dismissed Hindus from government. He also banned
the construction of new temples and had Hindu monuments
destroyed. Hindu rajputs rebelled.