WARM-UP 10-21-15
• Define the Following terms:
• Monastery
• Troubadour
• Serf
• What Leader brought Christianity to the Franks?
• Who wrote the book of rules that will be used to govern
monasteries?
• Which Group of raiders or explorers were also known as
Norsemen?
POWER OF THE CHURCH &
THE CRUSADES
Objective: Describe events in Western Europe from the fall of Rome to the
emergence of nation-states and analyze the impact of these events on
economic, political, and social life in medieval Europe. Describe the rise
and achievements of the Byzantine civilization.
HOMEWORK
• READ PAGES 387-397
• Answer questions (3-8) on page 392
• Answer questions (3-6) page 397
•10 Questions
• Due at the beginning of class
PAPAL MONARCHY – POPES WERE INVOLVED IN
SPIRITUAL & POLITICAL AFFAIRS
• Lay investiture – secular, or lay, rulers chose
church officers (kings/leaders not associated
with the church)
• Pope Gregory VII – issued a decree forbidding
lay investiture in 1075
• Interdict – forbids priests from giving
sacraments
• Sacraments – formal church rites necessary
for salvation
THE AGE OF FAITH
• Monasteries led spiritual revival ?????
Problems in the Church
• Priests nearly illiterate
• Popes are men of questionable morals
• Reformers focused on three main issues:
• Village priests married and had families
• Simony
• ?????
• Lay investiture
• ?????
Reform & Organization
•
Popes Leo IX and Gregory VII enforced Church laws against simony and marriage of
priests
•
Church was restructured to resemble a kingdom
• Pope at its head
• Pope’s group of advisers called papal Curia
• Curia acted as a court
• Canon law on marriage, divorce, and inheritance
• Diplomats for pope traveled throughout Europe
• Deal with bishops and kings, enabling popes to establish authority
• Church collected taxes in form of tithes
• 1/10th of yearly income from all Christian families
PAPACY PROBLEMS – CHURCH’S AUTHORITY &
POWER WEAKENED
• Babylonian Captivity, 1305–1377, papal court
in Avignon (Clement V)
• Great Schism, 1378–1417
• Two & then three popes simultaneously
• One in Rome
• One in Avignon, France
• Jan Hus – Czech reformer; burned at stake,
1415
CRUSADES – LATIN CRUX, UNDERTAKEN TO
RECOVER HOLY LAND
• Arab Muslims captured Jerusalem in A.D. 600s
• First Crusade – A.D. 1096 to 1099, led by French
nobles
• Emperor Alexius I – asked for aid against the
Seljuk Turks
• Pope Urban II
• Wanted to unite European rulers & nobles
against a common enemy
• Called for the 1st Crusade in 1095
POPE URBAN II
CRUSADES CONTINUED…
• Crusaders – vowed to “take up the cross”
• Second Crusade – A.D. 1147, a defeat for the
Crusaders
• Third Crusade – “Crusade of Kings”
• Saladin – led Muslim forces & retook
Jerusalem in 1187
• Richard the Lionhearted of England
struggled alone against Saladin
• Fourth Crusade – A.D. 1202, Crusaders
plundered Constantinople
• Children’s Crusade – A.D. 1212
EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES – BROKE DOWN
FEUDALISM
• Strengthened authority of kings & decreased power of feudal
lords
• Established a pattern of persecution of Jews in Europe
• Greater contact with Muslims ended isolation of western Europe
• Increased demand for goods from the East
• Increased trade in Europe
Cathedrals
•
Most worship in small churches; larger churches called cathedrals in cities
•
Cathedrals represent the City of God
• 800-1100 Romanesque style cathedrals
• Round arches, heavy roofs, thick walls and pillars, small windows
•
Early 1100s new style of Cathedrals: Gothic
• Thrust upward, reaching toward heaven
• Sculpture
• Pointed arches, flying buttresses, spires, ribbed vaults
• Stained glass windows
• Elements meant to inspire worshiper with magnificence of God
SEE
DIAGRAM
ON PAGE
381
CANTERBU
RY
CATHEDRA
L
NOTRE-DAME, PARIS
PARIS
NOTRE-DAME,
PARIS
CHRIST TREADING ON THE
LION
REIMS CATHEDRAL
CHARTES
CATHEDRAL
CHARTES
CATHEDR
AL
NOTR
EDAME,
PARIS
CHARTES
CATHEDR
AL
CHARTES
CATHEDRA
L
CHARTES
CATHEDRAL
CHARTES CATHEDRAL