Medical Terminology
A LIVING LANGUAGE
Fifth Edition
CHAPTER
11
Endocrine System
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Multimedia Directory
Slide
Slide
Slide
Slide
16
68
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Endocrine System Animation
Hyperglycemia Animation
Hypoglycemia Animation
Diabetes Video
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Endocrine System at a Glance
• Endocrine glands secrete hormones
• Hormones regulate body activities




Metabolic rate
Water and mineral balance
Immune system reactions
Sexual functioning
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Endocrine System at a Glance
• Organs of the Endocrine System







Adrenal glands
Ovaries
Pancreas (islets of Langerhans)
Parathyroid glands
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Testes
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Endocrine System at a Glance
• Organs of the Endocrine System
 Thymus gland
 Thyroid gland
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Endocrine System
Illustrated
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Endocrine System Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
acr/o – extremities
adren/o – adrenal glands
adrenal/o – adrenal glands
andr/o – male
calc/o – calcium
crin/o – to secrete
estr/o – female
gluc/o – glucose
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Endocrine System Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
glyc/o – sugar
glycos/o – sugar
gonad/o – sex glands
home/o – sameness
iod/o – iodine
kal/i – potassium
ket/o – ketones
mineral/o – minerals, electrolytes
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Endocrine System Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
natr/o – sodium
ophthalm/o – eye
ovari/o – ovary
pancreat/o – pancreas
parathyroid/o – parathyroid gland
pineal/o – pineal gland
pituitar/o – pituitary gland
testicul/o – testes
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Endocrine System Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
thym/o – thymus
thyr/o – thyroid gland
thyroid/o – thyroid gland
toxic/o – poison
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Endocrine System Suffixes
•
•
•
•
•
–crine
–dipsia
–prandial
–pressin
–tropin
to secrete
thirst
relating to a meal
to press down
to stimulate
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anatomy and Physiology
• Collection of glands
• Secrete hormones directly into
bloodstream
 Chemicals that act on target organs
 Increase or decrease target’s activity
level
• Instrumental in maintaining
homeostasis
 Maintain stable internal environment
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Types of Glands
• Two types of glands in body
 Exocrine glands and endocrine
glands
• Exocrine glands
 Release secretions into duct that carries
them to outside of body
 Example: sweat glands
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Types of Glands
• Endocrine glands
 Release hormones directly into
bloodstream
 Have no ducts, referred to as ductless
glands
 Example: thyroid gland
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Glands of the Endocrine System
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Adrenal glands – two
Parathyroid glands – four
Pancreas
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Ovaries – two in females
Testes – two in males
Thymus gland
Thyroid gland
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Endocrine System Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation of the endocrine system.
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Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Adrenal Glands
• Two glands, one located above each
kidney
• Each gland is composed of two
sections:
 Adrenal cortex
 Adrenal medulla
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 11.1
The adrenal glands.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Adrenal Cortex
• Hormones are referred to as
corticosteroids
 Secreted by adrenal cortex
 Steroid hormones
• Three different families of
corticosteroids
 Mineralocorticoids
 Glucocorticoids
 Steroid sex hormones
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Adrenal Cortex
• Mineralocorticoid
 Example: aldosterone
 Regulates sodium (Na+) and potassium
(K+) levels
• Glucocorticoid
 Example: cortisol
 Regulates carbohydrates
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Adrenal Cortex
• Steroid sex hormones
 Androgens, estrogen, and
progesterone
 Regulate secondary sexual
characteristics
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Adrenal Medulla
• Inner portion
• Secretes epinephrine and
norepinephrine
 Epinephrine is also called adrenaline
• Critical during emergency situations
 Increases blood pressure
 Increases heart rate
 Increases respiration rate
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Ovaries
• Two ovaries located in pelvic cavity of
females
• Secrete female sex hormones, estrogen
and progesterone
• Estrogen is responsible for:
 Female sexual characteristics
 Regulation of menstrual cycle
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Ovaries
• Progesterone
 Maintains suitable uterine environment
for pregnancy
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 11.2
The ovaries.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pancreas
• Located along
lower curvature of
stomach
• Only organ that
has both endocrine
and exocrine
functions
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pancreas
• Exocrine portion
 Releases digestive
enzymes through
duct into
duodenum
• Endocrine sections
of the pancreas
 Islets of
Langerhans
 Produce insulin
and glucagon
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pancreas
• Insulin
 Produced by beta cells
 Stimulates cells of body to take in
glucose from bloodstream
 Lowers blood sugar level
 Occurs after eating a meal and
absorbing carbohydrates
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pancreas
• Glucagon
 Produced by alpha cells
 Stimulates liver to release stored
glucose into bloodstream
 Raises blood sugar levels
 Occurs when body needs more glucose
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 11.3
The pancreas.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Parathyroid Glands
• Four tiny glands
• Located on dorsal
surface of thyroid
gland
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Parathyroid Glands
• Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)
 Regulates level of calcium in
bloodstream
• If calcium levels in blood fall too low:
 Parathyroid hormone levels in the blood
increase
 Stimulate bone breakdown
 Releasing more calcium into
bloodstream
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 11.4
The parathyroid glands.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pineal Gland
• Small pine coneshaped gland
• Part of thalamus
region of brain
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pineal Gland
• Secretes melatonin
• Not well understood, but plays a role in
regulating body’s circadian rhythm
 24-hour clock that governs periods of
wakefulness and sleepiness
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 11.5
The pineal gland is a part of the thalamus region of the brain.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pituitary Gland
• Small marbleshaped gland
• Located
underneath brain
• Divided into
anterior and
posterior lobes
• Regulated by
hypothalamus
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 11.6
The pituitary gland lies just underneath the brain. It is subdivided into anterior and
posterior lobes.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anterior Pituitary
• Referred to as “master gland”
 Secretes hormones that regulate other
endocrine glands
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
 Regulates function of thyroid gland
• Adrenocorticotropin hormone
(ACTH)
 Regulates function of adrenal cortex
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anterior Pituitary
• Gonadotropins
 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
 Luteinizing hormone (LH)
• FSH
 Responsible for development of ova and
sperm
 Also stimulates ovary to secrete
estrogen
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anterior Pituitary
• LH
 Stimulates secretion of sex hormones
 Plays a role in releasing ova in females
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anterior Pituitary
• Growth hormone (GH)
 Also called somatotropin
 Stimulates cells to grow and divide
• Prolactin (PRL)
 Stimulates milk production in breast
• Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
(MSH)
 Stimulates melanocytes to produce
more melanin
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 11.7
The different hormones and target tissues for the anterior pituitary.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Posterior Pituitary
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
 Also called vasopressin
 Promotes water reabsorption by the
kidney tubules
• Oxytocin
 Stimulates uterine contractions during
labor and delivery
 After birth stimulates release of milk
from breast
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Testes
• Two oval glands located in scrotum
• Secrete male sex hormone,
testosterone
• Testosterone
 Produces male secondary sexual
characteristics
 Regulates sperm production
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 11.8
The testes.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Thymus Gland
• Located in
mediastinum
• Part of immune
system
• Also endocrine
gland
 Secretes thymosin
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Thymus Gland
• Thymosin
 Essential for growth and development of
thymic lymphocytes or T cells
 Critical part of body’s immune system
• Present at birth and grows to largest
size during puberty
• At puberty begins to shrink and
eventually is replaced with connective
and adipose tissue
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 11.9
The thymus gland.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Thyroid Gland
• Located on either
side of trachea
• Resembles a
butterfly in shape
• Divided into right
and left lobes
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Thyroid Gland
• Thyroid hormones
 Thyroxine (T4)
 Triiodothyronine (T3)
• Needs iodine to make hormones
• These hormones:
 Regulate energy production
 Adjust metabolic rate
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Thyroid Gland
• Also secretes calcitonin
 Regulates level of calcium in
bloodstream
• If calcium levels in blood rise too high:
 Calcitonin levels in blood increase
 Increases deposition of calcium into
bone
 Lowers levels of calcium in bloodstream
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Thyroid Gland
• Its action is opposite of parathyroid
hormone
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 11.10
The thyroid gland is divided into a left and right lobe.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
aden/o – gland
carcin/o – cancer
cortic/o – outer portion
cyt/o – cell
gynec/o – female
immun/o – protection
lapar/o – abdomen
lob/o – lobe
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Combining Forms
•
•
•
•
•
•
mast/o – breast
neur/o – nerve
or/o – mouth
radi/o – ray
retin/o – retina
vas/o – vessel
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Suffixes
•
•
•
•
•
-al
-ary
-ectomy
-emia
-emic
• -graphy
• -ia
pertaining to
pertaining to
surgical removal
blood condition
relating to a blood
condition
process of recording
condition
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Suffixes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
-ic
-ism
-itis
-logy
-megaly
-oma
-osis
-pathy
pertaining to
state of
inflammation
study of
enlarged
tumor
abnormal condition
disease
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Suffixes
• -scopy
• -tic
• -uria
procedure to visually
examine
pertaining to
urine condition
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Additional Prefixes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
antiendoexhyperhypopanpolypost-
against
within
outward
excessive
insufficient
all
many
after
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Anatomical Terms
adrenal
pertaining to the adrenal glands
ovarian
pertaining to the ovary
pancreatic
pertaining to the pancreas
parathyroidal
pertaining to the parathyroid glands
pituitary
pertaining to the pituitary gland
testicular
pertaining to the testes
thymic
pertaining to the thymus gland
thyroidal
pertaining to the thyroid gland
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Anatomical Terms
• Ovarian
ovari/o + -an
 Pertaining to the ovary
• Testicular
testicul/o + -ar
 Pertaining to the testes
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Anatomical Terms
• Thymic
thym/o + -ic
 Pertaining to the thymus gland
• Thyroidal
thyroid/o + -al
 Pertaining to the thyroid gland
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Medical Specialties
Branch of medicine involving diagnosis
and treatment of conditions and diseases
endocrinology
of endocrine glands. Physician is an
endocrinologist.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Signs and Symptoms
adrenomegaly
enlarged adrenal glands
adrenopathy
general term for adrenal gland disease
edema
excessive fluid in body tissues
endocrinopathy
general term for disease involving an
endocrine gland
exophthalmos
protruding eyeballs
glycosuria
sugar in the urine
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 11.11
A photograph of a woman with exophthalmos. This condition is associated with
hypersecretion of the thyroid gland.
(Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Signs and Symptoms
gynecomastia
development of breast tissue in males
hirsutism
excessive amount of hair
hypercalcemia
excessive calcium in the blood
hyperglycemia excessive sugar in the blood
hyperkalemia
excessive potassium in the blood
hypersecretion
excessive hormone production by
endocrine gland
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Hyperglycemia Animation
Click on the screenshot to view an animation of hyperglycemia.
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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Signs and Symptoms
hypocalcemia
insufficient calcium in the blood
hypoglycemia
insufficient sugar in the blood
hyponatremia
insufficient sodium in the blood
hyposecretion
insufficient hormone production by
endocrine gland
obesity
having abnormal amount of fat
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Hypoglycemia Animation
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Signs and Symptoms
polydipsia
excessive feeling of thirst
polyuria
producing an excessive amount of urine
syndrome
group of symptoms and signs that
combine to present a clinical picture of
disease or condition
thyromegaly
enlarged thyroid gland
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Signs & Symptoms Terms
• Hyperkalemia
hyper- + kal/i + -emia
 Condition of excessive potassium in the
blood
• Glycosuria
glycos/o + -uria
 Condition of sugar in the urine
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Signs & Symptoms Terms
• Gynecomastia
gyenc/o + mast/o + -ia
 Condition of female breasts
• Hyponatremia
hypo- + natr/o + -emia
 Condition of insufficient sodium in the
blood
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Adrenal Gland Pathology
Addison’s
disease
hyposecretion of adrenal cortex;
symptoms include generalized weakness
and weight loss
adrenal
feminization
hypersecretion of estrogen by adrenal
cortex in males; develops female
secondary sexual characteristics like
gynecomastia
adrenal
virilism
hypersecretion of testosterone by adrenal
cortex in females; develops male
secondary sexual characteristics
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Adrenal Gland Pathology
adrenalitis
inflammation of adrenal glands
hypersecretion of adrenal cortex;
symptoms include weakness,
Cushing’s syndrome
edema, excess hair growth, and
osteoporosis
pheochromocytoma
hypersecretion of epinephrine by
adrenal medulla tumor; usually
benign; symptoms include anxiety,
heart palpitations, dyspnea, and
headache
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 11.12
Cushing’s syndrome.
(Biophoto Associates/ Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc.)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pancreas Pathology
diabetes mellitus
(DM)
• Chronic disorder of carbohydrate
metabolism
• Results in hyperglycemia and
glycosuria
• Two very distinct types:
- insulin-dependent
- non-insulin-dependent
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Diabetes Mellitus
Insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus
(IDDM)
• Also called Type 1
• Develops early in life
• Destruction of islet
cells
• Person makes too
little insulin
• Must take insulin
injections
Non-insulindependent diabetes
mellitus (NIDDM)
• Also called Type 2
• Develops later in life
• Person makes enough
insulin, but it has lost
ability to regulate cells
• Do not take insulin
• Treated by diet,
exercise, and oral
medications
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Diabetes Video
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Pancreas Pathology
diabetic
retinopathy
accumulation of damage to retina;
complication of diabetes mellitus
insulinoma
islet of Langerhans tumor; secretes
excessive amount of insulin
ketoacidosis
acidosis due to excess of acidic ketone
bodies; serious complication of diabetes
mellitus
peripheral
neuropathy
damage to nerves in lower legs and
hands as a result of diabetes mellitus
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Parathyroid Gland Pathology
hyperparathyroidism
hypersecretion of parathyroid
hormone
hypoparathyroidism
hyposecretion of parathyroid
hormone
Recklinghausen
disease
hypersecretion of parathyroid
hormone; causes degeneration of
bones
tetany
nerve irritability and painful
muscle cramps due to
hypocalcemia; may be caused by
hypoparathyroidism
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pituitary Gland Pathology
acromegaly
chronic hypersecretion of growth
hormone in adults; causes enlargement
of bones of head and extremities
diabetes
insipidus (DI)
hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone;
symptoms include polyuria and
polydipsia
dwarfism
hyposecretion of growth hormone in
children; causes short stature
gigantism
hypersecretion of growth hormone in
child; results in very tall adult
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 11.13
illustrating the enlarged skull, jaw, and hands typicalAcromegaly. Photo of a womanof
acromegaly.
(Reprinted from American Journal of Medicine, Vol 20, Dr. William H. Daughaday,
University of California/Irvine, ©1956. With permission from Excerpta Medica Inc.)
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pituitary Gland Pathology
hyperpituitarism
hypersecretion of one or more
pituitary hormones
hypopituitarism
hyposecretion of one or more
pituitary hormones
panhypopituitarism
hyposecretion of all pituitary
hormones; results in problems with
the glands controlled by pituitary
gland
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Thymus Gland Pathology
thymitis
inflammation of the thymus gland
thymoma
tumor in the thymus gland
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Thyroid Gland Pathology
cretinism
congenital hyposecretion of thyroid;
results in poor physical and mental
development
goiter
enlarged thyroid gland
Graves’ disease
hypersecretion of thyroid; symptoms
include exophthalmos and goiter
Hashimoto’s
thyroiditis
autoimmune destruction of thyroid;
results in hyposecretion disorder
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Figure 11.14
Goiter. A photograph of a male with an extreme goiter or enlarged thyroid gland.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Thyroid Gland Pathology
hyperthyroidism
hypersecretion of thyroid hormones
hypothyroidism
hyposecretion of thyroid hormones
myxedema
hyposecretion disorder in adult;
symptoms include anemia, edema,
and mental lethargy
thyrotoxicosis
marked hypersecretion; symptoms
include rapid heart rate, tremors,
thyromegaly, and weight loss
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Endocrine Gland Pathology
adenocarcinoma
cancerous tumor in gland that
produces hormones secreted by that
gland; results in hypersecretion
pathologies
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Pathology Terms
• Retinopathy
retin/o + -pathy
 Disease of the retina
• Acromegaly
acr/o + -megaly
 Enlarged extremities
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Pathology Terms
• Thyrotoxicosis
thyr/o + toxic/o + -osis
 Abnormal condition of thyroid gland
poisoning
• Adenocarcinoma
aden/o + carcin/o + -oma
 Cancerous tumor of a gland
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Clinical Laboratory Tests
blood serum test
measures level of substances, such
as calcium, glucose, or hormones,
in blood
fasting blood sugar measures glucose in bloodstream
(FBS)
after 12-hour fast
glucose tolerance
test (GTT)
measures blood sugar level over
several hours after person drinks
large dose of glucose
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Clinical Laboratory Tests
protein bound
iodine test (PBI)
measures T4 blood level; iodine in
the hormone becomes bound to
blood proteins
radioimmunoassay
(RIA)
measures levels of hormones in
blood
thyroid function
test (TFT)
measures levels of T3, T4, and TSH
in blood
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Clinical Laboratory Tests
total calcium
measures calcium in blood; used to
diagnose parathyroid or bone
disorders
protein bound
iodine test (PBI)
measures T4 blood level; iodine in
the hormone becomes bound to
blood proteins
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Diagnostic Imaging
thyroid
echography
ultrasound examination of thyroid
gland
thyroid scan
nuclear medicine image based on
accumulation of radioactive iodine in
thyroid gland
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Diagnostic Terms
• Postprandial
post- + -prandial
 Relating to after a meal
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Medical Treatments
chemical
thyroidectomy
large dose of radioactive iodine is given
to kill a portion of the thyroid gland;
avoids surgery
glucometer
instrument to measure amount of
glucose in bloodstream
hormone
replacement
therapy
administering replacement hormones;
treats hyposecretion disorders
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Surgical Treatments
adrenalectomy
surgical removal of adrenal gland
laparoscopic
adrenalectomy
removal of adrenal gland through
small abdominal laparoscopic
incision
lobectomy
removal of a lobe of thyroid gland
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Surgical Treatments
parathyroidectomy
surgical removal of one or more
parathyroid glands
pinealectomy
surgical removal of pineal gland
thymectomy
surgical removal of thymus gland
thyroidectomy
surgical removal of thyroid gland
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Therapeutic Terms
• Glucometer
gluc/o + -meter
 Instrument to measure glucose
• Lobectomy
lob/o + -ectomy
 Surgical removal of a lobe
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Building Therapeutic Terms
• Pinealectomy
pineal/o + -ectomy
 Surgical removal of pineal gland
• Thyroidectomy
thyroid/o + -ectomy
 Surgical removal of thyroid gland
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Endocrine System Pharmacology
antithyroid
agents
blocks production of
thyroid hormones
Tapazole
corticosteroids
replaces adrenal cortex
hormones
Deltasone
human growth
replaces growth
hormone
hormone
therapy
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Genotropin,
Protropin
Endocrine System Pharmacology
insulin
treats type 1 diabetes
mellitus
Humulin L
oral
hypoglycemic
agents
decreases blood sugar
in type 2 diabetics
Glucophage,
Glucotrol
thyroid
replacement
hormone
replaces thyroid
hormones
Levo-T,
Cytomel
vasopressin
treats diabetes
insipidus
Desmopressin,
Vaprisol
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Endocrine System Abbreviations
α
alpha
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
β
beta
BMR
basal metabolic rate
DI
diabetes insipidus
DM
diabetes mellitus
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Endocrine System Abbreviations
FBS
fasting blood sugar
FSH
follicle-stimulating hormone
GH
growth hormone
GTT
glucose tolerance test
IDDM
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
K+
potassium
LH
luteinizing hormone
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Endocrine System Abbreviations
MSH
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Na+
sodium
NIDDM
non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
NPH
neutral protamine Hagedorn (insulin)
PBI
protein-bound iodine
PRL
prolactin
PTH
parathyroid hormone
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Endocrine System Abbreviations
RAI
radioactive iodine
RIA
radioimmunoassay
T3
triiodothyronine
T4
thyroxine
TFT
thyroid function test
TSH
thyroid-stimulating hormone
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Combining Forms Match Up
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
acr/o
estr/o
kal/i
natr/o
toxic/o
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
extremities
female
sodium
potassium
poison
Classroom Response System
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 1
Which is NOT one of the endocrine
glands?
A. Sebaceous glands
B. Parathyroid glands
C. Adrenal glands
D. Pancreas
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 1
Which is NOT one of the endocrine
glands?
A. Sebaceous glands
B. Parathyroid glands
C. Adrenal glands
D. Pancreas
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 2
Which hormone is secreted by the
adrenal medulla?
A. Steroid sex hormones
B. Aldosterone
C. Epinephrine
D. Cortisol
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 2
Which hormone is secreted by the
adrenal medulla?
A. Steroid sex hormones
B. Aldosterone
C. Epinephrine
D. Cortisol
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 3
Which organ in the body is both an
exocrine and an endocrine gland?
A. Thyroid gland
B. Pancreas
C. Pineal gland
D. Ovaries
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 3
Which organ in the body is both an
exocrine and an endocrine gland?
A. Thyroid gland
B. Pancreas
C. Pineal gland
D. Ovaries
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 4
Which endocrine gland regulates the
circadian rhythm?
A. Pituitary gland
B. Parathyroid glands
C. Thyroid gland
D. Pineal gland
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 4
Which endocrine gland regulates the
circadian rhythm?
A. Pituitary gland
B. Parathyroid glands
C. Thyroid gland
D.Pineal gland
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 5
Which endocrine gland is referred to as
the “master gland”?
A. Pituitary gland
B. Pineal gland
C. Testes
D. Thyroid gland
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 5
Which endocrine gland is referred to as
the “master gland”?
A. Pituitary gland
B. Pineal gland
C. Testes
D. Thyroid gland
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 6
Which of the following is the target for
prolactin?
A. Thyroid gland
B. Adrenal cortex
C. Breast
D. Ovary
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 6
Which of the following is the target for
prolactin?
A. Thyroid gland
B. Adrenal cortex
C. Breast
D. Ovary
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 7
Which term means an insufficient amount
of sodium in the blood?
A. hypercalcemia
B. hyponatremia
C. hypocalcemia
D. hyperkalemia
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 7
Which term means an insufficient amount
of sodium in the blood?
A. hypercalcemia
B. hyponatremia
C. hypocalcemia
D. hyperkalemia
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 8
Adrenal virilism occurs in males.
A. True
B. False
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 8
Adrenal virilism occurs in males.
A. True
B. False
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 9
Which of the following terms refers to
having an excessive amount of hair?
A. Polydipsia
B. Exophthalmos
C. Gynecomastia
D. Hirsutism
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 9
Which of the following terms refers to
having an excessive amount of hair?
A. Polydipsia
B. Exophthalmos
C. Gynecomastia
D.Hirsutism
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 10
Which of the following is true regarding
type-2 diabetes mellitus?
A. Develops later in life
B. Also called insulin-dependent
C. Requires insulin injections
D. Pancreas stops producing insulin
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 10
Which of the following is true regarding
type-2 diabetes mellitus?
A. Develops later in life
B. Also called insulin-dependent
C. Requires insulin injections
D. Pancreas stops producing insulin
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 11
Diabetes insipidus is caused by a lack of
insulin.
A. True
B. False
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 11
Diabetes insipidus is caused by a lack of
insulin.
A. True
B. False
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 12
Dwarfism is caused by the lack of growth
hormone.
A. True
B. False
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 12
Dwarfism is caused by the lack of growth
hormone.
A. True
B. False
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 13
Which condition is caused by
hyposecretion of the thyroid gland in an
adult?
A. Cretinism
B. Thyrotoxicosis
C. Myxedema
D. Acromegaly
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 13
Which condition is caused by
hyposecretion of the thyroid gland in an
adult?
A. Cretinism
B. Thyrotoxicosis
C. Myxedema
D. Acromegaly
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 14
Adenocarcinoma is one potential cause of
hyposecretion disorders.
A. True
B. False
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 14
Adenocarcinoma is one potential cause of
hyposecretion disorders.
A. True
B. False
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 15
The protein-bound iodine test specifically
tests the function of which endocrine
gland?
A. Pineal gland
B. Adrenal gland
C. Pituitary gland
D. Thyroid gland
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 15
The protein-bound iodine test specifically
tests the function of which endocrine
gland?
A. Pineal gland
B. Adrenal gland
C. Pituitary gland
D.Thyroid gland
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 16
Which of the following diagnostic tests is
NOT used to diagnose diabetes mellitus?
A. Protein-bound iodine test
B. Fasting blood sugar
C. Two-hour postprandial test
D. Glucose tolerance test
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 16
Which of the following diagnostic tests is
NOT used to diagnose diabetes mellitus?
A. Protein-bound iodine test
B. Fasting blood sugar
C. Two-hour postprandial test
D. Glucose tolerance test
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 17
A chemical thyroidectomy uses
radioactive iodine to kill the thyroid
gland, avoiding surgery.
A. True
B. False
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 17
A chemical thyroidectomy uses
radioactive iodine to kill the thyroid
gland, avoiding surgery.
A. True
B. False
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 18
Oral hypoglycemic agents are used to
treat what condition?
A. Thyrotoxicosis
B. Diabetes mellitus
C. Pheochromocytoma
D. Diabetes insipidus
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 18
Oral hypoglycemic agents are used to
treat what condition?
A. Thyrotoxicosis
B. Diabetes mellitus
C. Pheochromocytoma
D. Diabetes insipidus
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 19
Which of the following abbreviations is
NOT a pituitary hormone?
A. TSH
B. ACTH
C. PTH
D. FSH
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 19
Which of the following abbreviations is
NOT a pituitary hormone?
A. TSH
B. ACTH
C. PTH
D. FSH
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Pop Question 20
Which of the following is the abbreviation
for potassium?
A. T4
B. Ca+
C. Na+
D. K+
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Answer 20
Which of the following is the abbreviation
for potassium?
A. T4
B. Ca+
C. Na+
D.K+
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht