The New Nation
Faces Challenges
Essential Questions
1) What actions did Washington, Jefferson,
Monroe, and Jackson take as
presidents?
2) What were the effects of the religious
and reform movements that emerged in
the eighteenth century?
3) What is Manifest Destiny and how did
the U.S. expand to the Pacific coast?
1) What actions did
Washington, Jefferson,
Monroe, and Jackson take
as President?
Washington’s Presidency
Set up Cabinet
Dept of State: Thomas Jefferson
Dept of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton
Dept of War: Henry Knox
Set up Supreme Court w/ Judiciary Act of 1789
Hamilton’s Financial Plan = compromise
Fed gov’t take on all debts
Raise revenue by taxing imports
Create national bank
Conflict Over National Bank
 Thomas Jefferson: Strict Constructionist
 Alexander Hamilton: Loose Constructionist
 Hamilton convinces Washington to sign bill for New
National Bank
Jefferson’s Presidency
Marbury v. Madison 1803
 Adams appointed many Federalists to judgeships:




“Midnight Judges”
Thomas Jefferson and Madison refused to deliver
commissions
Supreme court ruled they did not have power to make
Madison deliver Commission (one branch cannot force
action on another)
Judiciary Act of 1789 that gave court this power was
declared unconstitutional
Established Judicial review: courts can declare laws
unconstitutional
Louisiana Purchase
• Purchased from France
• Jefferson felt
uncomfortable:
constitutional?
• Decided it was
acceptable
• Presidents can
negotiate treaties
• Doubled the size of
U.S.
War of 1812
 Causes: impressment, helping Nat-Ams
 Effects: Foreign respect for U.S., national pride, less
Nat-Am resistance
Monroe’s Presidency
 “Era of good feelings”
 Domestic Policy:
1. McCulloch v. Maryland
 Agreed w/ idea of National Bank
 National gov’t interests above state interests
2. Gibbons v. Ogden
 National gov’t has right to regulate trade
between states
Foreign Policy:
 Adams-Onis Treaty
(1819)
 Acquired Florida
 Establish boundary
w/Spain
 Monroe Doctrine
 Americas off limits to
European
colonization
Missouri Compromise
 Missouri petitioned to join union
 1819: 11 states free, 11 slave states
 Compromise: Maine=free AND Missouri=slave
 Slavery banned above compromise line
Age of Jackson
Indian Removal Act
 Relocation of five native tribes to
area west of Mississippi (Indian
Territory)
 Known as Trail of Tears
National Bank
 2nd Bank charter runs out
 Unconstitutional  state banks
Conflict over States Rights
 1832 Congress passes
Tariff on imported goods
 Nullification crisis
 South declared law “null
and void”
 Threatened to secede
 Compromise: Tariffs would
be reduced for 10 years
Talk to your neighbor:
What are some of the most important
events that took place during the
Presidencies of Washington,
Jefferson, Monroe, and Jackson?
2) What were the effects of the
religious and reform movements that
emerged in the nineteenth century?
The Second Great Awakening
1st Great Awakening
 1730s, emphasis on repenting
sins, church membership grew
2nd Great Awakening
 Americans join churches and
attend revival meetings in record
#s in 1820s and 1830s
 Emphasis: Live well, work hard,
do God’s work on earth
Reform Era
 Temperance Movement – alcohol awareness
 Education Reforms – increased access to education
 Prison Reforms – separate mentally ill
Urban Reform
 Many immigrants from
Germany and Ireland in mid
1800s
 Worked in factories, lived in
crowded apt buildings
 Local boards of health were
est.
 Workers began to organize
to demand better working
conditions
 Ten hour movement
Women’s Rights
Seneca Falls Convention
1848
 First women’s rights
meeting
 Organized by Lucretia
Mott and Elizabeth Cady
Stanton
 Declaration of Sentiments
 “All men and women are
created equal”
Abolition
Antislavery Efforts in the South
 By 1850 250,000 freemen
 Helped others escape
 Spoke out against slavery
 Slave Uprisings - Nat Turner
 Underground Railroad
Abolition Movement in North
 Slavery seen as morally wrong
 American Anti-Slavery Society
 Abolitionists: William Lloyd Garrison, Grimke sisters,
Frederick Douglass
Garrison
Grimke Sisters
Douglass
Kerry Washington Performs
Sojourner Truth’s
“Ain’t I A Woman” speech
Talk to your neighbor:
What were some causes and
effects of the reform
movements in the 1800s?
3) What is Manifest Destiny
and how did the U.S. expand
to the Pacific coast?
Manifest Destiny
 Definition: Belief that it was America’s God given right
to settle land all the way to the Pacific Ocean.
The California Gold Rush – 1848
• 80,000 move to CA in 1849
• 1850 31st State
The Oregon Treaty
• Set US - British Canada border at 49th parallel
Texas Independence
• Americans settle Texas
• Belonged to Spain, then Mexico
• In exchange for land must surrender American
citizenship, swear allegiance to Mexico, adopt
Roman Catholic religion
• Texans declare independence from Mexico on
Mar 2 1836
The Alamo
- Fort in San Antonio
- Mexicans kill nearly all defenders
- Texans win Battle of San Jacinto and gain
independence
War With Mexico
• Texans vote to join Union
• Opinion of Americans mixed
• Texas joins Union in 1845 as a
slave state
• Mexico breaks diplomatic
relations with U.S.
• U.S. offers to pay for New
Mexico and CA
• Mexico refuses, boundary
dispute and war begins
Bear Flag Revolt
• Californians easily defeat Mexican forces
• Declare CA to be independent Republic of
California
• U.S. forces arrive and gain control of CA
• U.S. forces overwhelm Mexican forces in U.S.
and Mexico
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848
1. Mexico gives up TX
2. Mexican Cession: U.S. gets land in present
day CA, NV, UT, WY, CO, AZ, NM
3. US pays Mexico $15M
4. Gadsden Purchase
Area in red: Mexican Cession
Area in orange: Gadsden Purchase