MACROMOLECULES ULTIMATE REVIEW GUIDE
You can add spacing to this document and print it out to help you review. Answers will not be posted online, but you
are welcome to see me if you need help on any of these questions, or to just check some answers. This was written
from notes taken in class and worksheets and labs that you already have, so be sure to check them out before you get a
chance to stop in. Use this as a self-assessment to see if you are ready for the test.
PLEASE NOTE: This is a guide. You need to study all related materials for this test!
General Information
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The four major macromolecules of living things are:
What are the six major elements found in living things?
Organic v. inorganic compounds
Be able to identify/recognize the carboxyl group, hydroxyl group, amino group, and R (side) group.
a. Be able to identify chemical compounds – protein/amino acid, carbs, lipids.
How many bonds can C form? N? O? H?
Describe dehydration/condensation synthesis.
Describe hydrolysis.
Be able to recognize dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in structural diagrams and chemical reactions.
Define metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism.
What are isomers?
Carbohydrates
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What do organisms use carbohydrates for? You should be able to name several.
List foods containing carbohydrates, and identify what type of carb they are (mono-, di-, or poly-).
What is the ratio found in all carbohydrates?
What is the difference between a mono-, a di-, and a polysaccharide?
What are the three examples of a monosaccharide?
What are three examples of disaccharides?
What are two examples of storage polysaccharides?
What are two examples of structural polysaccharides?
What molecule is released when carbohydrates are formed? What process does this?
What molecule is added when carbohydrates are broken? What process does this?
Glucose + Fructose  ?
What is the chemical formula for a monosaccharide?
What is the chemical formula for a disaccharide?
Name three monosaccharides that are isomers.
How can you tell the difference between a carbohydrate and a lipid?
What type of test identifies a monosaccharide? What type of test identifies a polysaccharide? How can you use
these tests to identify a disaccharide?
a. Be able to analyze fictional test results.
27. The names of many sugars end in _____.
Lipids
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Lipids are commonly known as:
How are fats different from phospholipids (specifically)?
What are three differences between saturated fats and unsaturated fats?
How can you tell if a fat is saturated or unsaturated?
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Fats are composed of one __________ and three ________________.
Lipids are ___________, meaning they repel water.
Phospholipids are both _____________ on one end and ________ on the other end.
What type of lipids make up cell membranes?
What do organisms use lipids for?
How are steroids different from fats? Why are steroids classified as lipids?
What two hormones are also classified as lipids?
Name another type of lipid in the body.
Proteins (with Enzymes)
40. What “new” element is found in proteins that is not found in carbs or lipids?
41. What are the monomers of proteins?
42. What bonds exist between amino acids? What type of bond is this? Between which two atoms does this bond
occur?
43. How many amino acids are there? How do they differ?
44. What functional groups are present in all amino acids? What do these groups look like in a structural diagram?
45. How do living things use proteins?
46. What determines a protein’s function?
47. What is denaturation? What causes it? What does denaturation do to a protein?
48. What molecule is released when two amino acids join?
49. Two amino acids create a _____________________.
50. Diagramming: Be able to draw the basic structure of an amino acid.
51. Describe how enzymes work.
52. What is a competitive inhibitor?
53. What can increase the rate of an enzymatic reaction? What can decrease it?
54. What are catalysts/enzymes?
55. What is the enzyme-substrate complex?
56. What is activation energy?
57. What happens to a catalyst/enzyme after the reaction has occurred and the substrate is released?
58. Heat can cause chemical reactions, but it’s not good on the cell. Why?
59. All enzyme names end in _____.
Nucleic Acid
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The two types of nucleic acids are:
How do these two types differ?
What are the components of all nucleic acids?
What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
What are the functions of nucleic acids?