Aim: Why are organic compounds
important to us?
 Do NOW: In complete sentences explain
how you would use an atom to build a
larger molecule.
 Homework: Project # 1 Internet activity

http://science.nhmccd.edu/
biol/bio1int.htm
Activity

Read the life substances handout as you
read underline the main idea of each
paragraph.
Wednesday 11/13/13
AIM: Why is carbon an important element
in your body?
 Do NOW: Review your notes on basic
chemistry. POP QUIZ
 HOMEWORK: Life substances handout

Carbon
What is the atomic
number?
 What is the atomic
mass?
 #p
 #n
 #e
What is an element?
What are the six most
important elements to living
organisms?
CHNOPS
Carbon atom


Able to form 4
covalent bonds due to
4 electrons in outer
shell
Combine to form large
organic compounds
Carbon fun facts
Carbon is found in many different
compounds.
 It is in the food you eat, the clothes you
wear, the cosmetics you use and the
gasoline that fuels your car.
 Carbon is the sixth most abundant
element in the universe.

How are organic and inorganic
compounds different?
Organic compounds
must Contain C and H


CH3
C6H12O6
Inorganic compounds
Do not contain both



NaCL
CO2
H2O
How is a covalent bond
different from an ionic bond?
Atomic bonding


Electron interactions
form bonds
Covalent bonds:
electrons are shared
between atoms

2 Hydrogen atoms share there
electrons to form a bond
Ionic bonding

The loss or gain of an electron to form a
bond
How does Carbon combine with
other elements?
Carbon can share 4
electrons with 4
different atoms
 Forms 4 covalent
bonds

What are the four categories of organic
compounds or biomolecules formed by
carbon?
Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Proteins
 Nucleic acids

Assessment

In your own words, explain why carbon is
an important element in your body.
Thursday 11/14/13
AIM: How do our bodies use
biomolecules?
 Do Now: Explain why carbon is the most
important element to living things
 HW: text read pages 56-57. answer
questions 2 and 3 pg 57.


List at least 2 food sources that contain
protein, 2 food sources that contain
carbohydrate, 2 food sources that contain
lipid.
Carbohydrate




Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen
Store and release
energy
Starch and sugars
Glycogen and cellulose

Lipids


Carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen
Fats, oils, waxes,
steroids
Energy storage,
protection, insulation
and chemical
messengers (
steroids)
Protein






Carbon, Hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
sulfur
Structure for tissues
and organs
Metabolism
Transport
Catalysts
Chemical Messengers
How are enzymes related to proteins?


Enzymes are protein
catalysts
Speed up chemical
reactions
Nucleic Acid



Carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen and
phosphorous, sulfur
Store cellular
information
DNA and RNA
Assessment

Using the information you have received
complete the table below
Carbon compound
Function
Aim: Why are biomolecules polymers?
 Do Now: Take out your homework look it
over.
 If you were a construction worker, how
would you build a brick house?
 Homework: Textbook read pgs 60-62
answer questions 2,3,4 pg 63


Quiz Thursday
Answer

All biomolecules are organic compounds


That means they are made up of Carbon and
hydrogen
All biomolecules are very big molecules
made from smaller subunits
Biomolecules are polymers
Poly- many
 Mer- unit
 multiple units of smaller, repeating units
 Build Large compounds

Biomolecules or Macromolecules

Four of the classes of life’s organic
molecules are polymers





Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
A polymer

Is a long molecule consisting of many similar
building blocks called monomers
Biomolecules are polymers
Polymer
Monomer subunit
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharide
(simple sugar)
Protein
Amino acid
Lipid
Glycerol and fatty acids
Nucleic acid
Nucleotides
Biomolecule AKA Organic compound AKA Polymer
AKA Macromolecule

Anytime we use any one of these terms
we are referring to proteins,
carbohydrates, nucleic acids and lipids
The Synthesis of Polymers

Monomers form large molecules by
dehydration synthesis
HO
1
3
2
H
Unlinked monomer
Short polymer
Dehydration removes a water
molecule, forming a new bond
HO
Figure 5.2A
1
2
H
HO
3
H2O
4
H
Longer polymer
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer
Biomolecules form through dehydration
synthesis


Monomers join
together through a
process known as
Dehydration
synthesis
Loss of water to build
a bond
Why would you want to
break down a polymer?
To extract the monomer subunit
The Breakdown of polymers

Polymers can disassemble by

Hydrolysis
HO
1
2
3
4
Hydrolysis adds a water
molecule, breaking a bond
HO
1
2
3
H
Figure 5.2B (b) Hydrolysis of a polymer
H
H2O
HO
H
Assessment
In your own words explain the difference
between dehydration synthesis and
hydrolysis
 Dehydration synthesis builds large
biomolecules by removing water to build a
bond
 Hydrolysis takes away a water molecule to
break a bond

Assessment

Draw and explain the process below
How are polymers and
biomolecules related?
large compounds built from
smaller repeating subunits
How does dehydration synthesis build
large biomolecules?
Monday 11/18/13
AIM: Why are polysaccharides ideal for
energy storage?
 DO NOW: What type of foods contain
carbohydrates? Why do you need to eat
carbohydrates?
 HW:Text read pages 59-60 Answer the
reading check on pages 59 and 60

Carbohydrates
Sugars and starches, glycogen and
cellulose
 Also called monosaccharides and
polysaccharides
 They are very big biomolecules
 Made up of C,H,O in a 1:2:1 ratio

What is a monosaccharide?



H
O
H
C
Aldoses

Carbohydrate
Simple sugar
Building blocks of
large carbohydrates
Broken down for
energy in the process
of cellular respiration
Glucose is the most
important
monosaccharide to
your llife
Figure 5.3
O
Hexose sugars
(C6H12O6)
H
C
H
O
C
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
HO
C
H
C
OH
H
H
C
OH
H
H
Ribose
H
H
C
H
C
OH
H
HO
C
H
C
OH
HO
C
H
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
H
Glucose
Galactose
H
C OH
H
C
O
H
C OH
H
C OH
C
O
O
C OH
H
C OH
HO
H
H
C OH
H
C OH
Dihydroxyacetone
H
C OH
H
C OH
H
H
C OH
H
Ribulose
O
C
H
Glyceraldehyde
Ketoses

Triose sugars Pentose sugars
(C3H6O3)
(C5H10O5)
C H
H
Fructose
Where does glucose come
from?
photosynthesis
What are some examples of
monosaccharides?
Glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose,
deoxyribose
 C6H12O6

Deoxyribose and ribose
How do monosaccharides build large
polysaccharides?
Dehydration synthesis
Loss of water between two molecules to
build a bond
 It is the process that builds polymers from
smaller subunits

Polysaccharides made from glucose

Monosaccharides or simple sugars
combine through the process of
dehydration synthesis to build large
polysaccharides such as starch, cellulose
and glycogen.
Polysaccharides made only from glucose
monomers
Starch: long term energy stored in plants
 Glycogen: long term energy storage in
animals. Liver and muscle cells
 Cellulose: structural material in plants.
Builds the cell wall
can not be easily digested by animals.
acts as roughage to pass undigested food
through the body

Chitin
CH2O
H
O OH
H
H
OH H
OH
H
H
NH
C
O
CH3
(a) The structure of the (b) Chitin forms the exoskeleton
of arthropods. This cicada
chitin monomer.
is molting, shedding its old
exoskeleton and emerging
Figure 5.10 A–C
in adult form.
(c) Chitin is used to make a
strong and flexible surgical
thread that decomposes after
the wound or incision heals.
Assessment

Use the three molecules below to build a
polysacharide
Question

In your own words explain how
monosaccharides are related to
polysaccharides
AIM: Why do we need to eat fats?
 DO NOW: List 5 foods that contain fat.
 HW Project due tomorrow. ALL OF IT!!!!

Tuesday 11/19/13
AIM: How does dehydration synthesis
build high energy lipid molecules?
 DO NOW: In complete sentences explain
how monosaccharides build starches and
glycogen

Homework:Text read page 61. Answer
question 3 on pg 63
 Last nights HW page 59 and 60
Reading check questions

How is starch different
from glycogen?
Why do we need to
incorporate fats and oils into
our daily diet?
Functions of lipids
Long term energy storage
 Insulation
 Protection
 Hormones: steroids: chemicalmessengers

Does oil and water mix?
Why or why not?
Does oil and water mix?
NO!
Lipids

All lipids must have both a hydrophobic
and hydrophillic part to them
Dehydration synthesis forms lipids
LIPIDS: Oils, fats, waxes,
phospholipids, steroids
Hydrophobic: Made of long hydrocarbon
chains or tails. Makes lipid insoluble in
water it does not dissolve in water
 Hydrophillic:portion allows for parts of
lipid to be dissolved in water.

Dehydration synthesis forms lipids
Fat, oil and wax
 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
 Saturated fat: all carbons are saturated
 Unsaturated fat: not all carbons are bound

Fats oils and waxes
Characteristics of fats are determined by
hydrocarbon tail
 Unsaturated: such as peanut oil are
liquid at room temperature
 Saturated: animal fats are solid at room
temperature

FATS
Phospholipids: build cell membranes
•1 glycerol, 1 phosphate group, 2 fatty acids
Phospholipids vs triglycerides(fat
and oil)
By removing one of the fatty acids in a
triglyceride and replacing it with a
phosphate group makes the phospholipid
hydrophillic (water loving)
 The other 2 fatty acid tails make the
phospholipid hydrophobic

The cell membrane
Steroids: lipid hormones
Chemical messengers
 Cholesterol: found in membranes. Also
makes other steroids
 Estradiol and testosterone: sex hormones
which regulate salt and bile levels and
also assist in fat digestion

Waxes
Protection
 Ex: Ear wax


Wax on the outer leaf of a plant

List and explain the function of the four
types of lipids discussed.