Give 3 Examples of Carbohydrates
List two ways in which
carbohydrates are used in your
body.

Provides the body with energy

Stored for later use
 Glycogen (muscle cells, liver)
 Fat

Carbohydrates used in
plants/fungi:
 Cell walls
○ Cellulose in plants
○ Chitin in fungi

Carbohydrates used in
animals:
 Chitin - exoskeleton
Carbohydrate

Carbo –
 Carbon

-hydrate
 Water (H2O)
Carbohydrate
Type
Meaning of
Term
Monosaccharide
“1” Sugar
Disaccharide
“2” Sugars
Polysaccharide
“Many”
Sugars
Examples
(List 3)
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Monosaccharide's
3 Elements present in simple sugars?
 How many carbons are in simple
sugars?
 Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

Carbohydrates

Compare the number of hydrogen
atoms to the number of oxygen
atoms in each sugar. What is the
ratio?

What compound does the ratio look
like?
Dissacharides
 When 2 monosaccharides _______,
a dissacharide forms
 Examples of Dissacharides:
○ glucose and glucose form:
○ glucose and fructose form:
○ glucose and galactose form:
Polysaccharides

When 3 or more __________________
molecules are joined a polysaccharide
is formed.
Benedict’s Test
What is the Indicator in this test?
What color is Benedicts?

Were we testing for monosaccharides or
polysaccharides?
 monosaccharide

In the picture below, is this a positive test
for a monosaccharide or a polysaccharide?
 Monosaccharide

Which test tube is probably a
monosaccharide? (left or right)
Left – more brick red
Iodine Test
What is the indicator?
What color is iodine?

Were we testing for monosaccharides or
polysaccharides?
 Polysaccharides

In the picture below, is this a positive or
negative test for polysaccharides?
 Positive
Carbohydrate Test
Why are monosaccharides important to us?

Was the data we collected qualitative or
quantitative?
 qualitative

What was the independent variable?
 Amount of Carbohydrates

What was the dependent variable?
 Color Change

What was the control?
 Water

What were some constants?
Animal Protein
Vegetable Protein
List 3 foods that contain protein
List 3 ways in which proteins are used
in the body
Involved in virtually all cell functions
•
•
•
•
•
•
Structure (keratin, collagen, elastin)
Movement (muscle contractions)
Body defense (antibodies)
Transport (hemoglobin)
Hormones (insulin)
Enzymes (catalysts that speed up reactions)
Proteins
• Amino acids are the building blocks
(monomers) of proteins
• 1) What are the common elements found
in proteins?
– C, H, O, N
– Recall: What are the common elements
found in carbohydrates?
• CHO
H
H2N - C - COOH
R
Proteins

An amino acid has a central carbon which
always has the following 3 groups attached:
H
H2N - C - COOH
R
Proteins
3 amino acids:
How many amino acids are there to
build proteins?
Constructing a Protein
Constructing a Protein
Simplified
• How could 2 different proteins be made
from the same 3 amino acids?
• Hint:
Proteins
• Proteins usually consist of a long chain of
amino acids. The chain is __________
into a unique __________, which enables
the protein to ___________ correctly.
• Sometimes proteins lose their shape due
to various reasons. What is the process
called when proteins lose their shape?
Denature
Proteins
• List 2 environments that may alter the shape
of a protein:
• A. Temperature
• B. pH
Proteins
• What can happen to a protein that would lose
its shape?
• It would lose its function such as:
– Structure - collagen
– Movement – muscles
– Transport – hemoglobin
– Defense – antibodies
Proteins
• _____________ are an example of
proteins. Enzymes lower the
_____________ ___________, the energy
needed to get a reaction started.
Thereby, helps speed up the reaction.
The fire acts as a
catalyst to begin
the breakdown of
the bonds that are
holding the log
fibers together.
Similar to how an
enzyme works.
• Enzymes are chemical reaction catalysts
• 1.) Catalysts change the rate of a reaction
without being consumed by the reaction.
Enzymes
• Let’s draw a basic enzyme and label the parts
involved
Enzyme
Low pH (acidic environment)
• What has happened to this enzyme?
D ___ ___ A ___ U ___ E
Enzymes
• List 3 ways in which enzymes help you:
– 1. amylase helps break down starch
(carbohydrate)
– 2. lipase helps break down fats in your body
(lipids)
– 3. lactase helps break down lactose in dairy
products (carbohydrate)
– 4. protease helps break down proteins in your
body
Enzymes
– Look at the following graph and determine the
temperature at which this enzyme has the
greatest rate of activity
Protein Test
 Indicator:
◦ Biuret
 Color of indicator:
◦ Blue
 Color of a positive
test:
◦ Purple/violet
 Large protein
◦ Pink
 Smaller protein (peptide)
Lipids
• List 3 different foods that have lipids:
Lipids
• What is the function of lipids:
– A) Energy storage for the body (long term)
– B) Insulation
– C) Cell membrane structure
Lipids
• List 3 specific lipids found in the human body.
a. Triglycerides – majority of the lipids found in the
body. Provides much of the texture and flavor in
foods.
b. Phospholipids – main component of the cell
membrane
c. Steroids (cholesterol) – used to form cell
membranes and hormones (testosterone and
estrogen)
Complete the Chart
Lipid Type
Use by Organisms
fat
Stored Energy
Insulation
oil
Repels water – Bird feathers
Maintain health
waxes
Ear wax
Cuticle of leaf
Identify the two main components
of a lipid
• What 3 elements are found in lipids?
C H O
– Which statement best describes a lipid: polar or
nonpolar?
Lipids
Fat Type
saturated
unsaturated
Drawing
Food
examples:
Peanut Butter
Meat
Butter
Olive oil
Fish
Soybeans
Mini-Lab
• Purpose: Which food source contains the
most energy: marshmallow or peanuts?
• Hypothesis:
__________________________________
Time
Monomer
Function
Caloric Content
(energy)
• Data Table:
Marshmallow
Peanut
Nucleic Acids
• What are 2 examples of nucleic acids?
– A. DNA
– B. RNA
• What is the function of nucleic acids?
– A. Stores genetic information
Nucleic Acids
• What are the monomers (building blocks)?
– Nucleotides
– Label the basic structure of a nucleotide
Nucleic Acids
• What would be the complimentary strand to
the following DNA sequence?
TTACGAT
AATGCTA
DNA Molecule
Double Helix