ENGLISH 51
Monday, February 25, 2013
Melissa Gunby
FREEWRITE
Please respond to the following prompt:

You are not here merely to make a living. You are
here in order to enable the world to live more amply,
with greater vision, with a finer spirit of hope and
achievement. You are here to enrich the world, and you
impoverish yourself if you forget the errand. –
Woodrow Wilson.

AGENDA FOR TODAY
Group Presentation: Ender’s Game chapters 6-7
 Group Presentation: Ender’s Game chapters 8-9


Quiz: Ender’s Game

If time, review of clauses and sentence combining
SENTENCE COMBINING
FANBOYS, SUBs, and Transitions
INDEPENDENT CLAUSES (IC)

Independent clauses have a subject and verb, and
can stand alone as a sentence
She ran
 He spoke
 He spoke fluent English

DEPENDENT CLAUSES (DC)

CANNOT stand alone as sentences, though they
will also contain a subject and verb
When she ran
 Although he spoke fluent English

SANTA CLAUS
HOW TO TELL THE DIFFERENCE
Independent clauses will sound complete.
 Dependent clauses will begin with a connecting
word, and won’t sound complete.









Although
When
And
Because
After
While
Since
Santa Claus is a fat man in a red suit with a
white beard.
WHY IT MATTERS

Knowing the differences between the types of
clauses will help you to identify and correct your
mistakes. Some of the most common errors (runons and fragments) are caused by joining clauses
incorrectly.
FANBOYS = COORDINATING
CONJUNCTIONS
For
And
Nor
Or
Yet
 So

FANBOYS coordinate Star Trek conventions
HOW THEY WORK


FANBOYS are used to link independent clauses
(IC) together.
IC, FANBOYS IC
SUBS = SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

When you start a sentence with a SUB, it won’t
be complete.





Although
Because
When
If
While
USING SUBS
SUBs help us connect DCs to ICs.
 The punctuation depends on the order of the
sentence.


DC, IC

IC DC

You only need a comma if the DC comes first
TRANSITIONS
Transitions work like SUBs and FANBOYS in
combining sentences, but they require extra
punctuation to be grammatically correct.
 Transitions will combine Ics.
 IC; trans, IC

Common words:
 However, therefore, thus, moreover, then, also

REVIEW!

With a partner, complete “Jim the Consumer” on
page 163-164
SPELLING

Remember that spell check only tells you that
words are spelled incorrectly; spell check can’t
tell you if you’ve used the correct word, like
principal or principle.
CAPITALIZATION
Rule 1: Proper Nouns:
Specific people’s names: Barack Obama, Johnny Depp,
Maria Schriver.
Capitalize a title when it comes before someone’s
name (Senator Barbara
Boxer) or when used instead of
a name (Dad).
Do not capitalize a title if it follows the name or refers
to a general position.
Some specific titles always get capitalized: the Pop,
President of the United
States.
Capitalize titles that represent academic degrees or
abbreviations for
degrees, whether before or after a
name (Dr. Sanjay Gupta; Sanjay Gupta,
MD.)
RULE 2
Names of particular structures, special events,
monuments, etc:

the Brooklyn Bridge, the Taj Mahal, the
Eiffel Tower, the World Series


Note: Only capitalize the common noun
(lake, bridge, river) if that noun is part of the
proper name (Lake Erie, Kings County).
RULE 3
Places and geographical regions:

Saturn, Budapest, the Straits of Magellan


Capitalize north, south, east, and west when
they label regions, but not directions. “We’re
driving to West Texas” is okay, but not “We’re
going West on 80.”
RULE 4
Days of the week, months, and holidays

Saturday, Monday, Cinco de Mayo, Diwali,
January

RULE 5
Historical Periods, Events, Documents, and
names of legal cases:

the Industrial Revolution, the Battle of
Gettysburg, the Treaty of Versailles, Brown v.
Board of Education


note: Court cases are italicized in your essay,
but not in works cited.
RULE 6
Philosophic, Literary, and Artistic Movements:

Naturalism, Dadaism, Neoclassicism, etc.

RULE 7
Races, Ethnic Groups, Nationalities, and
Languages:

African American, Latino/a, Korean, Farsi,
English


Note: when the words black and white are used to
describe race, they have traditionally not been
capitalized.
RULE 8
Religions and their followers:

Islam, the Qur’an, Buddha, Jews, God


Note: It’s not necessary to capitalize pronouns
referring to God, though some will consider it a
sign of disrespect if you do not. A good rule of
thumb is any time you’re invoking God as a
religious figure to capitalize God and any
pronouns used to refer to Him.
RULE 9
Specific Groups and Organizations

the Democratic Party, the International
Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, the New York
Yankees

Note: When the name of a group or organization
is abbreviated, the abbreciation uses capital
letters in place of capital words, and you do not
need periods.

IBEW

RULE 10
Businesses, Government Agencies, and Other
Institutions:

General Electric, Starbucks, Heald, Lincoln
High School, the Environmental Protection
Agency, the United States of America

RULE 11
Brand Names and Words Formed from Them

Velcro, Coke, Post-it


Note: brand names that have become
synonymous with the product (aspirin, nylon) are
no longer capitalized.
RULE 12
All Important Words in Titles

As a general rule, when writing titles, any
word that isn’t a preposition or conjunction
should be capitalized (you don’t have to capitalize
for, and, but, of, into)

RULE 13

Capitalize the First Word in a Sentence
RULE 14

When using “I” as a pronoun, it is always
capitalized.
NOTE!

When the MLA revised the standards in 2009,
they dropped the underlining requirement
because typewriters have been generally
discontinued for use in academic writing.
Wherever you previously learned to underline,
you can now use italics instead.
RULE 1: TITLES (PG 120)



Italicize the titles of the following types of works. All
others get quotation marks.
Books, Newspapers, Magazines and Journals (just the
title of the magazine, not the article), Online
magazines and journals, web sites, pamphlets, films,
tv shows, radio programs, long poems, plays, long
musical works, software programs, search engines
and web browsers, databases, paintings and
sculptures, ships, trains, aircraft (only particular
craft, not makes or types), spacecraft
Note: Well known documents and sacred texts aren’t
italicized or placed in quotes. The Bible, the Qur’an,
the Declaration of Independence
RULE 2: FOREIGN WORDS OR PHRASES

Whenever you use non-English words, you should
put it in italics to set it off for your reader for
clarity’s sake.
RULE 3: ELEMENTS SPOKEN OF AS
THEMSELVES OR TERMS BEING DEFINED
Use italics to set off letters, numerals and words
that refer to those things themselves.

Is that an a or an e?
 Also use italics to set off words and phrases that
you go on to define.

A closet drama is a play meant to be read,
not performed.


Note: When you use a dictionary definition, put
the word you are defining in italics and the
definition itself in quotation marks.
RULE 4: EMPHASIS
Italics may be used occassionally for emphasis:

Initially, poetry might be defined as a
kind of language that says more and says it more
intensely than does ordinary language.


Note: Overuse of italics may be distracting.
SPELLED OUT VS NUMERALS
Spell out numbers if you can do so in one or two
words

The Hawaiian alphabet has only twelve
letters.

Class size stabilized at twenty-eight
students.

Numbers that are more than two words long are
expressed in numerals.

The dietitian prepared 125 sample menus.

The developer of the community purchased
300,000 doorknobs and 153,000 faucets.

CONVENTIONAL USES OF NUMBERS
Addresses
 Dates
 Exact times
 Exact sums of money
 Divisions of works
 Percentages and decimals
 Measurements with symbols or abbreviations
 Ratios and statistics
 Scores
 Identification numbers

HOMEWORK
T&C 136-149
 The essay assignment on page 149 is what we
will begin working on in class on Wednesday (I
hope).
 1st draft of this essay will be due on Monday 3/4
(yes, a week from today).



Fowles writes “an advertisement communicates
by making use of a specially selected
image…which is designed to stimulate” and get
our attention in some way (137).
Fowles, Jib. “Advertising’s Fifteen Basic
Appeals.” Texts and Contexts: A Contemporary
Approach to College Writing. Robinson, William
S and Stephanie Tucker, eds. 7th Ed. Boston:
Wadsworth, 2009. Print.