Review for Spring Semester
Final Exam!!!!
• Great Depression to Vietnam & Watergate
The New York Stock Exchange
Black Friday, October 24, 1929
CAUSES OF THE
GREAT DEPRESSION
• OVERPRODUCTION (Industrial &
Agricultural)
• UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH
• OVERSPECULATION +MARGIN BUYING
– EASY MONEY (CREDIT)
• STOCK MARKET CRASH
Herbert Hoover
• According to Hoover,
Government’s job was to stay
out of the way of big business
OVERSPECULATION
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“GET RICH QUICK SYNDROME”
MARGIN BUYING
LACK OF GOVT. REGULATION
PANIC SELLING
• ‘29 MARKET CRASH
Q: What is Foreclosure?
A: When you can’t afford mortgage payments
or loan payments and the bank comes and
takes your stuff away.
Unemployment Statistics for 1932
The Depressions Cruelest Year
• 16,000,000 to 25,000,000
in 1932
• 25% of the workforce
• In 2006 that would mean:
32,500,000 unemployed!
• For our workforce today
in the 2000’s
– 5.8% in 2006
– 7,200,000
BUSINESS CYCLE
TROUGHS
• RECESSION = TWO SUCCESSIVE 1/4’s (3
MONTH PERIODS) OF DECLINING GDP ($ OF
GOVT, CONSUMER AND BUSINESS
SPENDING)
• DEPRESSION = UNEMPLOYMENT GREATER THAN 12%
– Depression = rise in unemployment + fall in GDP
AGRICULTURAL
OVERPRODUCTION
• INCREASED TECHNOLOGY
• GOOD GROWING CONDITIONS
• SUPPLY GREATER THAN DEMAND
The Great Dust Bowl
• Over use & Over grazing
– No crop rotation
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No soil conservation
No wind breaks
Loss of natural grasses and animals
Climatic change – the drought of the 30’s
Great Depression effected the rest
of the World also!
• US stops importing goods
• US can’t make loans to
Germany any longer
• US raises Tarriffs
– Smoot-Hawley Act
Depression Era Survival
• Rent a hot bed for
$0.05
• Hot because it was
rented out for 8 hours
and it never cooled off
• Eat in a soup kitchen
or stand in a breadline.
• Wash in train/bus
stations
Depression Era Survival
• Hobos and bums
• 250,000 children
under age 18
• Need a blanket use
newspapers
• Need a house use
cardboard
• Riding the Rails
FDR’s New Deal: A new
philosophy
• FDR believes government should help to
solve major social and economic problems
I. The New Deal
Three R’S of Government
• Relief
• Recovery
• Reform
The New Deal: One Big
Experiment
New Deal Math
• Bad Economy + Huge Increase in
Government Spending = ??????
• Huge Deficit = ???
• Lack of a Balanced Budget
• Debt??
Causes of World War II
• Hitler, Mussolini, and
Tojo did not cause World
War II.
• The Treaty of Versailles
which ended World War I
is the chief cause of World
War II.
– This is the single most
important cause of WWII!
Treaty of Versailles & Germany
• Germany’s Rhineland Demilitarized
• German land is given to Poland
• The Saar region of Germany is occupied by
France
• Germany has to pay mass amounts of
reparations
Appeasement
• Giving Hitler what he
wants to avoid war!
• The Rhineland
• Austria
• The Suedetenland
• Czechoslovakia
– Lost mostly at Munich
Conference
• Neville Chamberlain
– Prime Minister of
Great Britain 1930’s
Nonaggression Pact August 1939
Russian Ambassador
Molotov
German Ambassador
von Ribbentrop
Coordinated use of Airpower, Mobile Armour, and
Ground Troops! Lighting War!!
The Phony War and the Maginot Line:
From the Fall of Poland to the
Invasion of France!
A tourist
attraction today!
Mussolini
Italy
Hitler
Germany
Tojo
Japan
Winston Churchill
Joseph Stalin
FDR – Franklin D. Roosevelt
Chaing Kai-shek
The Allies
USA, USSR, China,
Great Britain, and
France
Charles de Gaulle
FDR suffers a stroke in Warm Springs Arkansas
Harry S. Truman becomes President of the United States
The Battle of Britain
The RAF
The RAF
“Never have so few done so
much for so many!”
The RAF
The RAF
From September 1940 to
July 1941, London suffered
severe damage from
German air attacks. Known
as the London Blitz, this
period of World War II
resulted in many British
casualties.
50 old destroyers for Island Bases in the Caribbean!
Lend Lease: “You’d lend a neighbor a garden hose if his house
were on fire?” FDR in a Fireside Speech 1940
Lend-Lease assistance
was more than just
military equipment. It
was food and other
necessities to keep the
British people as well as
their soldiers in the fight
against Hitler.
Turning Point in the
Pacific: Coral Sea
& Midway May and
June of 1942.
The emergence of the
AIRCRAFT CARRIER as
a major tactical weapon of
war!!!
Stalingrad
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The turning point on the Eastern Front
Perhaps the Turning Point for all of WWII
500,000 Nazi soldiers go into Stalingrad
Van Paulus surrenders 325,000 troops
Only 9,000 ever get home!
1,500,000 Russian Troops Die at Stalingrad
One of the bloodiest battles in HISTORY!
Bloodiest Battle
• Bloodiest of all time
• 1,500,000 deaths
• Caused Germans to
suffer unrecoverable
loss of men
Rommel sweeps
Across N. Africa!
Monty & the British 8th Army
Wait for Rommel at El Alamein!
Monty stops Rommel at El Alamein!
November 1942!
The Americans, Canadians, and
Free French land in West Africa
Under the command of Dwight
Eisenhower.
December 7th 1941
December 7th 1941
US Losses at Pearl Harbor:
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5 Battleships
3 Cruisers
150 Planes
2,300 Killed
1,200 Wounded
American divers work
around the aft turrets of the
battleship USS Arizona at
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on
Feb. 2, 1942 during World
War II. The Arizona was
sunk and destroyed during
the Japanese aerial attack on
Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7,
1941.
The Japanese Lose the War
• Dec. 7th, 1941
– Japanese attack on
Pearl Harbor angers
and unifies the
American people like
nothing else has ever
done.
Island hopping: The US strategy of taking just
strategic islands on the way to Japan isolating people
like Hiro Onada!
Operation Overlord
• The Allied invasion of Normandy France
• June 6, 1944
• Also known as D-Day!
D-Day
June 6, 1944 – American
Landings at Utah & Omaha Beaches
Ike and the 101st Airborne right before takeoff!
D-Day the largest amphibious landing in HISTORY:
2,800,000+ troops, 2,500,000 tons of supplies,
11,000 air craft, and 3000+ ships!!!
The Allied Generals
Omar Bradley - US
George Patton - US
De Gualle – Free French
Monty - British
Ike – the Supreme
Commander of Allied
Forces in W. Europe
Length:
Span:
8.2 m (27 ft)
5.5 m (18 ft)
Weight:
2,200 kg (4,900 lb)
Thrust:
3,400 newtons (770 lb)
Range:
240-320 km (150-200 mi)
Manufacturer: Fieseler Werke (airframe), Argus Motoren (motor)
Length:
Weight:
14 m (46 ft)
12,800 kg (28,000 lb)
Range:
240-305 km (150-190 mi)
Maximum altitude: 80 km (50 mi) for 240-km (150-mi) range
Propellants:
alcohol and liquid oxygen
Manufacturer:
German Army Ordnance
V-1 over
London
U.S. Marines of the 28th
Regiment of the Fifth
Division raise the American
flag atop Mt. Suribachi, Iwo
Jima, on Feb. 23, 1945.
Strategically located only 660
miles from Tokyo, the Pacific
island became the site of one
of the bloodiest, most famous
battles of World War II
against Japan.
Truman’s Potsdam Ultimatum!
Hiroshima August 6th
Nagasaki August 9th
Reasons for Dropping the ABomb
• Impress Stalin and the Soviets with US
technology and power
• Punish the Japanese for Pearl Harbor and
everything else during WWII
• End the War in the Pacific because the
Japanese would not give up easily
All matter of items
were rationed.
Especially, gas,
Meat, sugar,
Cigarettes and
Nylons.
No rationing of fresh
Fruits and vegetables
As most Americans
Grew victory gardens
Not only war bonds
but increases
In taxes helped
to fund the war
The Cold War
World War II Ends
&
The Cold War Begins
Judgment at Nuremberg
• War crimes
• Crimes against peace
• Crimes against humanity
The Cold War-A Struggle for
World Domination
Capitalism v Communism
USA v USSR
An attempt to control the entire world in
every aspect
Fought 1947 - 1989
Creating the United Nations
• FDR’s dream of a
United Nations located
in the USA is realized.
• Located in New York
city, the UN today
plays a major role in
worldwide Peace
keeping.
Which one doesn’t belong?
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Soviet Control over Eastern Europe
Berlin becomes a divided city
Communists take control of China
Soviets get control over Greece and Turkey
• Which one didn’t happen?
Which one didn’t happen?
• Soviet Control over Greece and Turkey
never happened, in part thanks to the
Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan
Troubles in Berlin
Air Lift
&
The Wall
Germany & Berlin
Symbols of the Cold War
After the Berlin Airlift
Western Europe, Canada, and the US created the
NATO Alliance
Stalin counters this with the
Warsaw Pact
Cold War Alliances
• NATO
• The Warsaw Pact
• The North Atlantic
Treaty Organization
• Created by Harry S.
Truman
• Led by Dwight
Eisenhower
• Created by Stalin
• A counter to the
American led North
Atlantic Treaty
Organization
Warsaw Pact: USSR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania,
Bulgaria, East Germany, Albania
US Goal for the Cold War
Stop the Spread of Communism
The American Policy Designed to do
this is called:
Containment
Containment
• Aid to Greece and
Turkey
– The Truman Doctrine
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The Marshall Plan
NATO
The Berlin Airlift
The Korea War
The Vietnam War
A US & UN Police Action: June 1950 – July 1953
Macarthur demands
permission to bomb
China and personally
negotiate peace with
the Chinese in direct
violation of Truman’s
orders!
Truman fires
Macarthur!
In July 1953 North Korea and China, allies in the
Korean War, signed a truce agreement at
Panmunjom with the United Nations command
that had supported South Korea. The agreement
ended fighting on the Korea Peninsula, but a
permanent peace settlement between South
Korea and North Korea has not been reached.
US. Troops are
still stationed
along the 38th
parallel today!!!
Weather Plane,
Spy Plane, or
Musical Group?
U-2
U-2 Photo taken from 100,000+ Feet Above Target.
U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers sits in dock in Moscow's Hall of
Columns, August 17, 1960, during the opening of his espionage
trial. He was convicted and sentenced to 10 years.
Castro takes over Cuba
• Castro overthrows
Batista the US
supported dictator of
Cuba
• When Castro
announces his support
of Communism, the
US CIA sponsors the
Bay of Pigs Invasion.
Cuban exiles captured during the Bay of Pigs
invasion walk past Cuban soldiers April 19,
1961 in this file photo from the archives
of Granma, the Cuban government
newspaper. The unidentified prisoner in the
foreground is followed by Jorge King,
known as "El Chino," who was later
executed by the Cuban government. About
1,500 Cuban exiles, supported by the CIA,
landed in Cuba in the Bahia de Cochinos
(Bay of Pigs) on April 17, 1961 with the
purpose of sparking a popular uprising and
ousting the government of Cuban leader
Fidel Castro. Most rebels were quickly
captured or killed by the Cuban armed forces.
In December 1962 Cuba traded 1,113
captured rebels in exchange for food and
medicine raised by private donations in
the U.S.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Results of Cuban Missile Crisis
• Castro is still in power
• Soviets pull missiles out of Cuba
• USA & USSR install a “hotline” to try and
prevent further problems
• JFK is considered a hero
The Space Race!
• The Soviets launch the
first satellite, are the
first to have a man in
space, are the first to
have a women in
space, are the first to
walk in space!!!!
• It’s not much of a race
at first.
The start of the Space Race--the launching of a Soviet man-made
earth satellite, Sputnik 1!
This first official picture of the
Soviet satellite Sputnik I was
issued in Moscow October 9, 1957,
showing the four-antennaed baby
moon resting on a three-legged
pedestal. Pravda described the
satellite as one foot, eleven inches
and gave its weight as 184 pounds.
The outer hull is polished
aluminum covered with a special
protective material. Nitrogen gas
is sealed inside.
Soviet satellite Sputnik 2,
which carried the dog Laika
was successfully launched.
Laika was never to return to
earth and asphyxiated after a
week in orbit. Her cabin burned
up on re-entry to the earth's
atmosphere.
Sputnik #1
October 4,
1957
Sputnik 2
Baby Boomer
Bill Clinton 1948!
Urban sprawl and suburban growth!
Picture speaks for
Itself. The great
Jackie Robinson.
The refusal of the public school to admit Brown, then nine years old in
1951, because she was black led to the Brown v. Board of Education
of Topeka, Kansas. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court overruled the
"separate but equal" clause and mandated that schools nationwide must
be desegregated.
The Brown victory ends
segregation in Public
Schools.
Economic Boom!
• The Housing Boom
• The Highway and
Auto Building Boom
• New Technologies
Boom
• The Baby Boom
• Plenty of Jobs with
increasing Pay and
Benefits!
The Post War Boom!
• 1950’s Economic Changes:
– GI Bill
– Highway building
– Automobile Sales
• Growth of Suburbia
– TV & other New Technology
• The Transistor
Dr. Jonas Salk: Creator of Salk &
Sabine Vaccine to stop the spread
of Polio
A Young girl receiving the Salk
& Sabine vaccine
Montgomery Bus Boycott
• Rosa Parks refusal to give up her seat
essentially kick starts the Civil Rights
Movement!
John F. Kennedy-Dallas Texas
November 22, 1963
Did Lee Harvey Oswald fire
the fatal bullet?
The Warren Commission
• According to the Warren Commission, Lee
Harvey Oswald, who was killed shortly
after being arrested by Jack Ruby, was the
lone gunmen.
Jack Ruby: Killed
Lee Harvey
Oswald before
Oswald every
stood trial for the
murder of
President Kennedy
MLK jr. Assassinated 1968
Robert Kennedy-Campaigning for
the Democratic Party Nomination
in California in June of 1968!
Assassinated!
Dien Bien Phu
• Vo Nguyen Giap
• North Vietnamese
military leader
• Defeats:
– The French at Dien
Bien Phu
• Signals an end to
French control of
Vietnam
– The United States in
Vietnam
Eisenhower Cites "Domino Theory" Regarding Southeast Asia
Responding to the defeat of the French by the Vietminh at Dienbienphu,
President Eisenhower outlines the Domino Theory: "You have a row of
dominoes set up. You knock over the first one, and what will happen to the
last one is the certainty that it will go over very quickly.” Needing a strong
leader Ngo Dinh Diem, a Roman Catholic, is chosen by Ike to lead South
Vietnam!
A series of Buddhist Monk unhappy with Diem’s leadership protests
by immolating themselves! Kennedy asks, “Who are these people?”
A guerrilla fighter
(Viet Cong) during
the Vietnam
Conflict, The conflict
grew out of the
Vietnam policy of
former U.S.
presidents Kennedy,
Johnson, and Nixon.
LBJ escalates the war!
• Eisenhower and Kennedy helped the US get
involved, but LBJ escalated the effort in
Vietnam into a war like action.
The Incident that Led to War!
The Gulf of Tonkin Incident
The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution!
The Tet Offensive
Turning point for the USA
A Military Victory
A Psychological Defeat!!!
Tet – The Lunar New Year
• January 31, 1968
• Guerrilla Attacks
– Attacked 36 of 44
provincial capitals
• 67,000 NVA & VC
• Repelled within 24 to
48 hours
• No popular
Vietnamese support
TET - The Turning Point
• US citizens turn
against the war!
• US military finds it
difficult to fight a war
its people and in some
cases it soldiers don’t
want to fight
Former residents of My Lai hamlet who were killed by U.S. soldiers. During
the most notorious publicly-acknowledged military atrocity of the Vietnam
War, between 200 and 500 Vietnamese civilians were massacred by U.S.
soldiers at My Lai hamlet on March 16, 1968. A cover-up kept the massacre
a secret for a year, after which 14 soldiers were charged with the crime and
only one was found guilty and sentenced to prison.
The Election of 1968
• Richard Nixon Elected
• Promised to end the war!
• Proposes De-escalation
and Vietnamization
• Invades Cambodia
Cambodian Invasion!
This is Kent State Ohio, not Cambodia!
• A military
failure!
• A political
blunder!!
April 30, 1975
• The US prepares to
leave Vietnam.
• “Our long national
nightmare is over!”
President Gerald Ford
Hippies!
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Long hair
Experimented with drugs & sex
Lived in communes
Protested the war and anything that wasn’t
peace or love man!
Hell No We Won’t Go!
• Ways that US protestors opposed the War in
Vietnam
– Fled to Canada
– Burned draft cards or refused to register for the
draft
– Went to jail rather than fought a war they did
not believe in
Watergate: I am not a crook!
• President Richard Nixon is forced to resign
after the Watergate scandal.