Endocrine System Guided Notes
Name: _________________________
Controls and regulates the body through _________________
•
Hormones are ___________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
•
Major processes regulated include
•
_____________________________
•
_____________________________
•
______________________________
•
_______________________________
•
______________________________
Hormones
Are produced by a gland  travel through bloodstream  bind to /enter cells of target organ(s)  change cell function
of target organ(s)
How do hormones change target cells?
•
____________________________________________________________________________________
•
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________________________
Types of hormones
1. Steroids
•
Diffuse across cell membrane and nuclear membrane
(lipid-soluble!)
•
Bind to a receptor protein in nucleus
•
Receptor – steroid complex increases transcription of
certain genes, resulting in the production of certain
proteins
Examples: sex hormones, corticosteroids
2. Amino-acid based (amines, peptides, and proteins)
•
Bind to a receptor protein on cell membrane
•
Receptor starts a series of events that produce a specific
change in the function of the cell
Examples: insulin, oxytocin, GH, melatonin, calcitonin, etc.
Non-steroidal hormones always use second messenger
molecules – molecules that are produced within the target cell
as a result of the binding of the hormone with the receptor
Quick Review
1. What are the two types of hormones, and what is the major difference between them?
2. Which type of hormone produces second messenger molecules?
3. Which of the following is NOT one of the major processes controlled by hormones?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Body coordination
Growth and development
Electrolyte balance
Cellular metabolism
4. Which of the following is NOT a typical effect of hormones on target cells?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Mitosis is stimulated
Enzymes are activated
Proteins are synthesized
Cellular mutations develop
The control of hormone release
Hormones regulate body functions by producing specific effects in target cells. Disorders can develop if too much or too
little hormone is secreted.
How does the body determine when/how much hormones to release?
The release of nearly all hormones is controlled by ____________________________________________.
Review: Compare and Contrast Negative and Positive Feedback Loops
Example: Blood sugar regulation
Example: Blood Calcium Regulation
Stimulus of Hormone Release
Even when glands are part of a negative feedback loop, there must be some stimulus that triggers the release of
hormones.
What was stimulus in the previous two examples?
There are three basic types of stimuli that cause the release of hormones.
1. Humoral stimuli (non-hormone chemicals in the blood and body fluids)
2.
3.
Often there is just one stimulus that a gland responds to. Occasionally there are multiple stimuli (ex: release of
aldosterol by adrenal glands)
Example of multiple stimuli: aldosterone release
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes is a disorder characterized by abnormally ____________________________________________
Facts
•
•
•
•
347 people world-wide have diabetes.
7th leading cause of death in the US
Leading cause of kidney failure, non-traumatic limb amputation, and adult-onset blindness in US
Major contributor to heart attack and stroke
Major Types of Diabetes
Type I (juvenile-onset)
• Occurs when the immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, which means that
_________________________________________________ can be produced
• Genetic risk factors and environmental triggers
• ~5% of cases
Type II (adult-onset)
• Too little insulin is produced and/or cells become _____________________________
• Obesity and inactivity are major risk factors, but genetics also play a role
• ~90% of cases