Shift to Industrialization
INDUSTRIALIZATION
In the early nineteenth century, the United States
began a transition from a predominantly
agricultural economy to an industrial one.
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THE ECONOMIC FACTORS THAT BROUGHT
ABOUT RAPID INDUSTRIALIZATION AND
URBANIZATION WERE:
1) PLENTIFUL NATURAL RESOURCES
2) IMPROVED TRANSPORTATION
3) GROWING POPULATION
4) NEW INVENTIONS
5) INVESTMENT CAPITAL
The shift from agriculture to industrialization caused an
economic boom and made goods accessible to the
masses.
THE MAJOR EVENTS IN or CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE ERA OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION WERE:
1) the FACTORY SYSTEM
2) INVENTIONS
3) POPULATION SHIFT TO CITIES--URBANIZATION
4) IMMIGRATION
5) EXPANSION OF SLAVERY
6) REFORM MOVEMENTS
INVENTIONS CHANGED INDUSTRIES AND SOCIETY
COTTON GIN – made the cotton
cleaning process more efficient
MECHANICAL REAPER –
cut ripe grain faster—
increased farm productivity
BESSEMER STEEL PROCESS –
first inexpensive industrial process for
the mass-production of steel.
Decreased the cost, which…
Increased steel production and work force
But for many workers, especially skilled artisans,
the new industrial economy led to a devaluation
of their skills and loss of social status.
For less-skilled workers industrialization often
meant exploitation, long hours, and low pay.
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For others, the new manufacturing
economy opened up opportunities
for advancement.
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The group of workers
most dramatically
affected by the onset
of industrialization
was artisans, or
workers who used
specialized skills to
produce consumer
goods, from shoes to
bread to candles.
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In the colonial period skilled artisans
worked in small shops attached to their
homes, using hand tools to produce
goods for local consumption.
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They also used an apprenticeship system, training
boys in their skills in exchange for their labor.
The relationship between artisan and apprentice was
close. Typically an apprentice lived in his master’s
house, receiving food, clothing, and education.
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In the new factory system first pioneered
by Samuel Slater in Rhode Island, the
artisan system of small-scale production
was replaced with a new set of roles:
owners, managers, and wage workers.
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The owner provided the money for the
enterprise, the manager supervised the workers,
and the laborers did the actual work, which was
usually less skilled than the traditional crafts
practiced by skilled artisans.
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Some industries, such as textiles, shifted relatively
rapidly to the use of power-driven machinery.
In contrast, other industries like shoe
production, did not and continued to employ
many manual laborers into the 1860s.
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In both cases, the old craft traditions of artisans suffered
because manufacturers could break down the production
process into simple steps that could be performed by
workers with minimal training.
On the other hand, the production
process made more goods available to
more people and at cheaper prices!
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CHANGES IN DAILY LIFE
Factory work changed many aspects of daily life and culture.
The work rhythm of artisans before the rise of the factory
included periods of intense work activity followed by down
time in which artisans might socialize with one another,
perhaps meeting in a tavern to hang out and discuss politics.
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Under industrialization the clock ruled.
No more siestas!
Factory workers were required to follow a strict schedule
and perform at a steady pace day in and day out.
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CHANGES IN THE WAY GOODS WERE MANUFACTURED
With artisan production, skilled craftsmen produced
items individually by hand. Each item was unique. It
took time to make and was expensive. Also, if a part
broke or was lost, the item had to be taken back to the
person who made it so they could create the missing or
broken part again by hand. That was a pain and also
very expensive!
CHANGES IN THE WAY GOODS WERE MANUFACTURED
Factory goods were designed part by part to be identical—the
parts interchangeable…INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS!!!
Products could be produced FASTER, CHEAPER, in LARGE
NUMBERS with less skilled, lower-waged workers which
made them more affordable.
The new system also led to a sharp separation between
home and workplace.
Before 1800, most artisans in New York had workshops
attached to their homes, but by 1840, two-thirds of them
lived in one place and worked in another.
The factory system separated home and workplace...
…and caused a major shift to urban areas—urbanization.
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Relationship between urbanization and conflicts resulting
from differences in religion, social class, and political beliefs:
1) Poverty
2) Discrimination towards immigrants, women, and children
3) Anti-immigration sentiment because immigrants willing to work for lower wages
4) Overcrowded apartment buildings
5) Crime
6) Disease
7) Fires
8) Know-Nothing Party (strict immigration policies)
9) Reform movements—women’s rights, child labor laws, etc.
CHANGES IN MARKETING
1) Improvements in
TRANSPORTATION
allowed goods and
people to move across
the country much
faster.
This allowed the
marketing and sale of
goods to be much
easier!
CHANGES IN MARKETING
2) Because factory made goods cost less to produce,
families of modest means could now afford items once
available only to the wealthy.
Ordinary Americans could now purchase furniture,
clocks, dishes, silverware, and the latest fabrics.
3) Plus, if something broke, you could now go to the
store and just buy a replacement part.
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So…driven by new
manufacturing technology and
techniques, industrialization
led to a vast increase in the
number of goods – everything
from clothing and shoes to
tools and toys – available now
and forever to the American
consumer!!!
Ushering in the modern
CONSUMER CULTURE
of America!!!
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