FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING
NURS 102
2 Credits
OBJECTIVES
By the end of the lecture student should be
able to:
1. Define nursing terminologies
2. Discuss character qualities of a nurse
3. Explain grooming pertaining to nursing
OBJECTIVES CONT’D
4. Discuss qualities of a good nurse
5. List the roles nurses perform
6. Enumerate and discus members of the
health team
7. Identify various ranks in the field of nursing
DEFINITION OF TERMS
NURSING
• The concept of nursing is from a Latin word
NUTRICA which means to nurture or nourish
• Florence Nightingale also wrote that nursing is
“the act of utilizing the environment of the
patient to assist him in his recovery”
(Nightingale, 1860).
DEFINITIONS CONT’D
• The action taken by nurses on behalf of or in
conjunction with the person and goals or
outcomes of nursing actions. Nursing actions
are typically viewed as a systematic process of
assessment, labeling, planning, intervention
and evaluation
DEFINITIONS CONT’D
NURSE
• A person formally educated and trained in the
care of the infirmed or the sick/disabled
• Profession within the health care sector
focused on the care of individuals, families
and communities so they may attain, maintain
or recover optimal health and quality of life
DEFINITIONS CONT’D
• “The unique function of the nurse is to assist
the individual, sick or well, in the performance
of those activities contributing to health or its
recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would
perform unaided if he had the strength, will, or
knowledge, and to do this in such a way as to
help him gain independence as rapidly as
possible” (Henderson, 1966, p.3).
DEFINITIONS CONT’D
Profession
• A vocation founded upon specialized
educational training, the purpose of which is
to supply objective service to others
• Formal qualifications based on education,
apprenticeship and examination
• Regulatory bodies- admit and discipline
members
DEFINITIONS CONT’D
Professional
• Member of a profession
• Standard of education and training that
prepares members of the profession with
particular knowledge and skills necessary to
perform that function
• Professional standards and code of ethics
DEFINITIONS CONT’D
Philosophy
• Knowledge level which specifies the
definitions of the metaparadigm concepts in
each of the conceptual models of nursing.
• Nightingale is considered philosophical
approach
• Out of these philosophies theory maybe
formalized
DEFINITIONS CONT’D
Vocation
• An occupation to which a person is specially
drawn or for which he/ she is suited, trained
or qualified
DEFINITIONS CONT’D
Career
• Individual’s journey through learning, work
and other aspects of life
• Course or progress through life
• Range of aspects of an individual’s life,
learning or work
THE NURSE AS AN INDIVIDUAL
• Character
• Temperament
• Appearance
• Qualities of a good nurse
• Adaptation to clinical setting – Health team
CHARACTER QUALITIES
Honesty
• High on the essential qualities for the nurse
• Resist temptation to borrow from other
people without permission
• Exaggerate and misrepresent things in social
conversations/situations
• Report and record accurately
CHARACTER CONT’D
Dependability
• Important in minor and serious matters
• On time to the ward/personal assignments
• Give best care whether you are being watched or
not?
• Control emotions in situations ofprovocations
CHARACTER CONT’D
Loyalty
• Loyalty to yourself and others is an indication
of emotional maturity.
• Loyal to patients , respecting their confidences
and avoiding gossips about or among patients
• Loyalty can be fake or genuine
• Loyalty can be misplaced
CHARACTER CONT’D
Ambition
• Necessary in any vocation/profession
• Are you eager to learn
• Will you welcome opportunity to practice or
observe skills not required of you
CHARACTER CONT’D
Resourcefulness
• Its important to be able to know how to
handle emergency as well as everyday
situations
CHARACTER CONT’D
Wisdom
• Exercise of good judgment in situations
• Intelligent mind capable of further
development
• Know intuitively what to do in similar
situations
CHARACTER CONT’D
Virtue
• Its required for all professionals
• Would you select friends of the opposite sex
correctly
• Moral courage to stand alone against any
unacceptable behaviour in society
CHARACTER CONT’D
Tolerance
• Respecting the rights and privileges of others
in the family, work and the community
TEMPERAMENT
Personality Traits
• Relatively stable cognitive, emotional and
behavioral x’tics of people that help establish
their individual identities and distinguish them
from others.
• Sanguine- cheerful, active
• Phlegmatic- slow ,sluggish, apathetic
Temperament CONT’D
• Melancholic-sadness, depressed moody
• Choleric- angry, irritable, excitable
• Nurse is expected to be empathetic towards
her clients
APPEARANCE-PROFESSIONAL
GROOMING
Personal appearance
• Neat and orderliness
• Good personal relationships with clients whether
endowed with beauty or not
•
•
•
•
Good grooming
Pleasant mannerisms
Friendly disposition
Compensate for any irregularity of features
GROOMING CONT’D
Posture
• Adopt a good posture when walking, sitting
and lying down
• Posture will have a bearing on your health
GROOMING CONT’D
Face and Facial Expression
• Discreet and skillful use of cosmestics
• Its better to look natural as possible
• Facial expression may be more important than
physiognomy
• Alert and intelligent expression
• Pleasant look reflect serenity and self control
• Boredom,confusion and mental confusion
GROOMING CONT’D
Skin
• Wash your skin daily with soap and water
• Bleaching of the skin should be avoided
• Deodorant, antiperspirant and perfume takes
away unpleasant odor-use in moderation
• Shave any unsightly hair-
GROOMING CONT’D
Hair
• Condition of the hair and style
• Hair style will enhance your appearance
• Interest, skill and good taste
• Wash and oil hair frequently
• Hair should be at shoulder length
• Glamorous styles should be avoided
GROOMING CONT’D
Hands
• Hands needs special attention –
• Source of infection from one person to
another
• Wash hands frequently with soap& water
• Hand lotion –smooth
• No wearing of long and colourful nails
• Wedding and engagement rings is allowed
GROOMING CONT’D
Care of Feet
• Shoes should be low heel and broad base
• Noiseless
• No tight shoes- cones
• Shoes should be in good condition
GROOMING CONT’D
Gait
• Brisk in walking and appearance
• No sluggishness
GROOMING CONT’D
Clothing
• Clothes will influence the way people think
about us
• Social acceptance
• Dress according to the standards of the
profession you represent
• Neat and immaculate-comform to school or
your facility
GROOMING CONT’D
Earrings
• Dangling earrings should be avoided
• Small ones should be worn
• Avoid them if you can when working
GROOMING CONT’D
Accessories
• A pair of surgical scissors
• Pens• Breast pocket watch
Things Not to Do
• Smoking and drinking on duty
• Chewing gum or cola
• Unwashed and ironed uniforms should be
avoided
• Shirts should not be left unbuttoned
• Uniforms should not be above the knees
Qualities of A Good Nurse
• Great communication
skills
• Emotional Stability
• Empathy
• Flexibility
• Attention to details
• Interpersonal skills
• Physical endurance
• Problem solving skills
• Quick response
• Respect
Roles and Functions
• Traditional roles of the nurse is care and
comfort
• Expanded roles of the nurse
• Health promotion and illness prevention
1. CARE GIVER
• Helps client regain health through the healing
process
• The nurse uses a holistic approach to give
care to the clients
• The care giver helps the client and family set
goals and met those goals with minimal cost
of time and energy
2. CLINICAL DECISION MAKER
• Uses critical thinking skills through the nursing
process
• The nurse makes the decisions alone or in
collaboration with the client and family or
with other health care prefessionals
3.CLIENT ADVOCATE/PROTECTOR
• Help to maintain a therapeutic environment
that will protect the clients from possible
injury
• Protect the client from possible adverse
effects of diagnostic or treatment measures
• Protect the client’s legal and human rights
4. MANAGER
• Co-ordinates the activities of other members
of the health team
• Manage own time and resources of the setting
• Direct , organize and control the care
• Help other members in their career paths
• Manager of client care or case manager
• Delegate care responsibilities and supervise
5.REHABLITATOR
• Assist client’s to return to maximum function
• Adapt fully as possible
• Teaching clients to cope with changes
associated with illness or disability that the
individual is having
6. COMFORTER
• Traditional role of the nurse
• Provides comfort and emotional support
• Help reach therapeutic goals rather than
emotional and physical dependence
7. COMMUNICATOR
• Communication is central to all other nursing
roles
• Clear communication leads to effective
nursing
• Critical in meeting the needs of clients,
families and the community
8. TEACHER
• Explain s concepts and facts about health care
to the client
• Reinforces learning and evaluate
• Teaching is individualized and can be formal or
informal
• Supervision and training of other health care
professionals including students
CAREER ROLES
• Increase educational opportunities
• Expanded roles
• Different kinds of career opportunities
9. NURSE- EDUCATOR
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Work in schools of nursing
Staff development departments
Health care agencies
Background in clinical nursing-practical/theory
Teaching both theory and practicals
10. ADVANCE PRACTUCE NURSE
• Master’s degree in nursing
• Advance education in pharmacology/physical
assessment
• Certification and expertise in area of practice
• Specialize in a disease condition or area
• Work in Acute, primary, restorative and
community care settings
• Clinician, educator, care manager,researcher or
consultant
ADVANCE CONT’D
• Clinical Nurse Specialist
• Nurse Practitioner- out patient ambulatory or
community based setting
• Certified Nurse Midwife
• Nurse Anesthetist
• Nurse Administrator
• Nurse Researcher
11. LEADERSHIP ROLE
Duties which influences the actions of others
• Deciding
• Relating
• Influencing
• Facilitating
• Delegating
JOB VRS CAREER
Job
• A place of work may or may
not be long term employment
• Variable initial training
• Part time or full time
• Intermittent retraining
possible
• Job selects persons
• Administrator evaluation
primarily
Career
• Life work, long term
commitment. long term
planning important,
possibly involving a mentor
• Long training or education
• Usually full time
• Life long training necessary
• Person selects career
• Peer evaluation primarily
HEALTH CARE TEAM
• Nurse works with other health care
professionals to provide total care to clients
• The Health care team comprises four major
professionals:
• Nurse
• Physicians
• Allied health professionals
• Specialists
PHYSICIAN
• Physician assistant/ medical assistant
Perform such functions as:
• Physical examination
• Diagnostic procedure
• Completing treatments-suturing, cast
Allied Health And Other Health
Professionals
• Physical Therapist
• Spiritual Advisor
• Occupational Therapist
• Dietician
• Respiratory Therapist
• Unlicensed Personnel
• Pharmacist
• Podiatrist
• Social Worker
• Dentist
• Laboratory Technician
• X’ray Technician
Nursing Ranks and Duties
• Staff Nurse(SN)
• Principal Nursing
officer(PNO)
• Senior Staff Nurse(SSN)
• Nursing Officer(NO)
• District Director Nursing
Services(DDNS)
• Senior Nursing
Officer(SNO)
• Chief Nursing
Officer(CNO)
Ranks and Uniforms
• SN and SSN- green
uniform with white
collar
• NO- white uniform with
white belt, white cup
• SNO- white uniform
with blue belt, white
cup with lace trimmings
• PNO-white uniform
with green belt
• DDNS- white uniform
with mauve belt
• CNO- white uniform
with mauve belt
• Staff midwives- black
belt
Staff Nurse(SN)
• First line of entry for an SRN or diploma holder
• Perform all activities assigned
• Responsible for day to day activities of the
ward
• Responsible for repot writing
• Ensure the daily care of patients
• Works on all shifts
Senior Staff Nurse
• Immediate superior- NO
• Immediate subordinate- SN
• Assist N.O with management of supplies and
equipment
• Write reports
• Assist with special procedures
• Participate in budget planning for the ward
• Participate in research activity for improvement
of healthcare
SSN CON’D
• Participate in data collection and compile a list for
report
• Ensure rehabilitation of all patients
• Participate in continuous education
• Orientation of new staff
• Assist and train family members with special
problems
• Does both day and night duties
• Perform last offices
• Perform other duties assigned
Nursing Officer(NO)
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•
•
Immediate superior- SNO
Immediate subordinate- SSN and SN
First level manager(SRN, Diploma or degree)
Ensure welfare of clients and maintenance of
clean environment
• Assess overall clinic activity and need of each
shift
• Recognize potential patient care delivery
problems in the ward
NO CONT’D
• Responsible for welfare and discipline in the
ward
• Contribute to unit goals and objectives
• Conduct patient care conference on the ward
• Monitor activities on the ward
• Implement Nursing care plan
• Maintain deadlines
• Oreintation and continuous education
NO CONT’D
• Assess performance of staff on the ward
• Carry out ant other duties
Senior Nursing Officer(SNO)
• Immediate superior- PNO
• Immediate subordinate- NO, SSN and SN
• Day to day management and administration of
the ward
• Maintains and enforces discipline
• Serves as a role model
• Reinforces clinical standards for her unit
• Give report on patient care and staff problems
SNO CONT’D
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Serves as a counsellor
Ensure registration of new nurses
Submit annual reports
Participate in health programmes
Principal Nursing Officer(PNO)
• Immediate superior- DDNS
• Immediate subordinate- SNO,NO, SSN and SN
• Serves in these main capacities- clinician,
researcher, teacher, leadership
• Accepts full responsibility for administration
• Take charge of a specialized unit
• Guides and direct subordinates in her unit
• Collaborate with other healthcare units
PNO CONT’D
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Coordinate activities of nursing manpower
Guides research and implementation
Responsible for professional development
Act as a consultant
Review work performance of staff
Administrative role model
DDNS
• Immediate superior- Chief Nursing
officer(CNO)
• Immediate subordinate- PNO,SNO, NO, SSN
and SN
• Research, clinician, teacher and administration
• Perform as an administrator in many
institutions
Chief Nursing Officer(CNO)
• Administration and management level
• Works at the ministry of health
• One CNO at a time
Assignment
• From the lectures write on the character
qualities you possess as an individual and explain
how this will enhance your work as a future nurse
or midwife.
• Identify the roles and function of the Chief
Nursing officer
• Observe various categories of nurses on the ward
and write on their uniforms
• Thanks for your attention
• Questions