• Hamilton’s Economic Plan is always contrasted with Jefferson’s. Hamilton wanted the federal government to have more power in making economic decisions. Hamilton wanted to pay the states’ debts after the Revolutionary war and have a National Bank • Hamilton and Jefferson’s interpretation of the Constitution – Hamilton wanted a loose interpretation of the Constitution while Jefferson wanted a strict interpretation of the Constitution that protected individual rights. • Whiskey Rebellion- Tax on whiskey caused farmers to rebel. President Washington sent in Federal troops to put down the rebellion and show the power of the new Federal government to enforce it’s laws • Election of 1800 – Thomas Jefferson vs. John Adams, Jefferson won leading to the Judiciary Act of 1801 and Adam’s attempt to pack the courts with the “Midnight Judges” and insure Federalist power. The “Marbury vs. Madison” court case that gave the Supreme Court the power of Judicial Review comes from this period. • Alien and Sedition Acts - were a series of laws passed by the Federalists in 1798 during the administration of President John Adams. They were designed to protect the United States from alien citizens of enemy powers and to stop seditious attacks from weakening the government. The Democratic-Republicans, and later historians, have seen them as stifling criticism of the administration. They became a major political issue in the elections of 1798 and 1800. • Cotton Gin – Invented by Eli Whitney in 1789, made the production of cotton more efficient leading to the need for more slaves to cultivate and harvest the cotton • Treaty of Greenville, 1796 - was signed at Fort Greenville on August 3, 1795, between a coalition of Native Americans and the United States following the Native American loss at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. It put an end to the Northwest Indian War. The United States was represented by General Anthony Wayne, who defeated the Native Americans and razed their villages a year earlier at Fallen Timbers • The Indian Removal Act of 1930 - was a law passed by the Twenty-first United States Congress in order to facilitate the relocation of Native American tribes living east of the Mississippi River in the United States to lands further west. The Removal Act, part of a U.S. government policy known as Indian Removal, was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830. • Worchester vs. Georgia, 1832- was a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that Cherokee Native Americans were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments. • Trail of Tears- refers to the forced relocation in 1838 of the Cherokee Native American tribe to the Western United States, which resulted in the deaths of an estimated 4,000 Cherokees • Transcendentalism - was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in the New England region of the United States of America in the early-to mid-19th century. It is sometimes called American Transcendentalism to distinguish it from other uses of the word transcendental. Transcendentalism began as a protest against the general state of culture and society at the time, and in particular, the state of intellectualism at Harvard and the doctrine of the Unitarian church which was taught at Harvard Divinity School. Among their core beliefs was an ideal spiritual state that 'transcends' the physical and empirical and is only realized through the individual's intuition, rather than through the doctrines of established religions. • “54-40 or Fight”- The Oregon boundary arose as a result of competing British and American claims to the Oregon Country, a region of northwestern North America known also from the British perspective as the Columbia District, a furtrading division of the Hudson's Bay Company. The region at question lay west of the Continental Divide and between the 42nd Parallel of latitude on the south (the northward limit of New Spain) and the 54 degrees, 40 minutes line of latitude • Hudson River School of Artists - was a mid-19th century American art movement by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by romanticism. • South Carolina Nullification Crisis - declared the tariff of 1828 and 1832 null and void within the state borders of South Carolina. It began the Nullification Crisis. Passed by a state convention on November 24, 1832, it led, on December 10, to President Andrew Jackson's proclamation against South Carolina, which sent a naval flotilla and a threat of sending government ground troops to enforce the tariffs. • Compromise Tariff of 1833 - was proposed by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun as a resolution to the Nullification Crisis. It was adopted to gradually reduce the rates after southerners objected to the protectionism found in the Tariff of 1832 and the 1828 Tariff of Abominations, which had given cause to South Carolina to threaten secession from the Union. • John C. Calhoun - was a prominent United States Southern politician and political philosopher from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. Calhoun began his career as a staunch nationalist, favoring war with Britain in 1812 and a vast program of internal improvements afterwards. He reversed course in the 1820s to attack nationalism in favor of States Rights of the sort Thomas Jefferson had propounded in 1798. • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - was the peace treaty that ended the MexicanAmerican War (1846–1848). The treaty provided for the Mexican Cession, in which Mexico ceded 525,000 square miles to the United States in exchange for $15 million. The United States also agreed to take over $3.25 million in debts Mexico owed to American citizens • Nat Turner’s Rebellion - was a slave rebellion that happened in Virginia in August 1831. Over 50 people were reported killed. It lasted only a few days before being put down, but leader Nat Turner remained in hiding for several months afterwards. • Dorothea Dix - was an American activist on behalf of the indigent insane who, through a vigorous program of lobbying states legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums. • Kansas-Nebraska Act - of 1854 created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and opened new lands for settlement. The act was designed by Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois; it repealed the Missouri Compromise. The act established that settlers could decide for themselves whether to allow slavery ( popular sovereignty ). • Bleeding Kansas - sometimes referred to in history as Bloody Kansas or the Border War, was a sequence of violent events involving FreeStaters (anti-slavery) and pro-slavery ("Border Ruffians") elements that took place in Kansas– Nebraska Territory and the western frontier towns of the U.S. state of Missouri between roughly 1854 and 1858 attempting to influence whether Kansas would enter the Union as a free or slave state. The term "Bleeding Kansas" was coined by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune. • Popular Sovereignty - is the doctrine that the state is created by and subject to the will of the people, who are the source of all political power. In the 1850’s it refered to a state’s right to determine the issue of slavery within it’s borders by a vote of the people. • Dred Scott vs. Sanford, 1857 - known as the "Dred Scott Case" or the "Dred Scott Decision", was a lawsuit decided by the United States Supreme Court in 1857 that ruled that people of African descent, whether or not they were slaves, could never be citizens of the United States, and that Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories. The decision for the court was written by Chief Justice Roger Taney. • Harriet Beecher Stowe - was an abolitionist and writer of more than 13 books, the most famous being Uncle Tom's Cabin which describes life in slavery, and which was first published in serial form from 1851 to 1852 in an abolitionist organ, the National Era, edited by Gamaliel Bailey. Although Stowe herself had never been to the American South, she subsequently published A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin, a non-fiction work documenting the veracity of her depiction of the lives of slaves in the original novel. • Uncle Tom’s Cabin - is a novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe which treats slavery as a central theme. The novel is believed to have had a profound effect on the North's view of slavery. • Civil War Aim of Abraham Lincoln – The aim of President Lincoln was to preserve the Union • Vicksburg- Battle for control of the Mississippi, Union victory became a turning point of the war in 1863 as the Union split the Confederacy in half and controlled the supply lines along the Mississippi • Emancipation Proclamation – Declared that slaves in rebelling states were free. Made slavery the issue of the war and kept Great Britain from joining the Confederate war effort. • 13th Amendment – freed the slaves • 14th Amendment – citizenship and the rights of citizenship cannot be denied based upon race • 15th Amendment – the right to vote cannot be denied based on race • Election of 1876 - Hayes became president after the tumultuous, scandal-ridden years of the Grant administration. He had a reputation for honesty dating back to his Civil War years. Hayes was quite famous for his ability to not offend anyone. Henry Adams, a prominent politician at the time, asserted that Hayes was "a third rate nonentity, whose only recommendation is that he is obnoxious to no one." Nevertheless, his opponent in the presidential election, Democrat Samuel J. Tilden, was the favorite to win the presidential election and, in fact, won the popular vote by about 250,000 votes • Compromise of 1877 – compromise naming Hayes President of the United States while ending the military occupation of the south, ended military reconstruction • Homestead Act - was a United States federal law that gave one quarter of a section of a township (160 acres, or about 65 hectares) of undeveloped land in the American West to any family head or person who was at least 21 years of age, provided he lived on it for five years and built a house of a minimum of 12 by 14 feet (3.6 x 4.3 m), or allowed the family head to buy it for $1.25 per acre ($0.51/ha) after six months. 1. a. • Westward Movement Roles of Irish - The majority of the Union Pacific track was built by Irish laborers, veterans of both the Union and Confederate armies, and Mormons who wished to see the railroad pass through Ogden and Salt Lake City, Utah. Roles of Chinese - Mostly Chinese (coolies) built the Central Pacific track. Even though at first they were thought to be too weak or fragile to do this type of work, after the first day in which Chinese were on the line, the decision was made to hire as many as could be found in California (where most were gold miners or in service industries such as laundries and kitchens), plus many more were imported from China. Most of the men received between one and three dollars per day, but the workers from China received much less. • Dawes Severalty Act - authorized the President of the United States to survey Native American tribal land and divide the area into allotments for the individual Native American. It was enacted February 8, 1887 • Impact of Transcontinental Railroad - it created a nationwide mechanized transportation network that revolutionized the population and economy of the American West, catalyzing the transition from the wagon trains of previous decades to a modern transportation system. 1. a. b. c. d. e. • Omaha Platform – secret ballot system graduated income tax restriction of undesirable emigration. eight-hour law on Government work initiative and referendum. election of Senators of the United States by a direct vote • Populism - was a short-lived political party in the United States in the late 19th century. It flourished particularly among western farmers, based largely on its opposition to the gold standard. • Interstate Commerce Act - The ICC's original purpose was to regulate railroads to ensure fair rates, to eliminate rate discrimination, and to regulate other aspects of common carriers. • “Cross of Gold” Speech - was a speech delivered by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. The speech advocated bimetallism. At the time, the Democratic Party wanted to standardize the value of the dollar to silver and opposed pegging the value of the United States dollar to a gold standard. The inflation that would result from the silver standard would make it easier for farmers and other debtors to pay off their debts by increasing their revenue dollars. It would also reverse the deflation which the U.S. experienced from 1873-1896. • Refrigerator Car – made it possible to transport meat without spoiling to large areas of the country, changed the diet of the US to include more fresh beef and pork • Settlement houses - The movement gave rise to many social policy initiatives and innovative ways of working to improve the conditions of the most excluded members of society. The two largest and most influential settlement houses were Chicago's Hull House (founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr in 1889) and the Henry Street Settlement in New York (founded by Lillian Wald in 1893). • Urbanization - is the increase over time in the population of cities in relation to the region's rural population. 1. Robber Barons – nickname given to industrialists on the late 19th and early 20th centuries • Andrew Carnegie - was a Scottish-American businessman, a major and widely respected philanthropist, and the founder of the Carnegie Steel Company which later became U.S. Steel. He is known for having built one of the most powerful and influential corporations in United States history, and, later in his life, giving away most of his riches to fund the establishment of many libraries, schools, and universities • John D. Rockefeller - was an American industrialist and philanthropist who played a pivotal role in the establishment of the oil industry, and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870, Rockefeller helped found the Standard Oil company. Over a forty-year period, Rockefeller built Standard Oil into the largest and most profitable company in the world, and became the world's richest man. • J.P. Morgan - was an American financier and banker, who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation. • Vanderbilt Family - Cornelius Vanderbilt I was an American entrepreneur who built his wealth in shipping and railroads and was the patriarch of the Vanderbilt family. • Laissez-Faire/ Government influence of Business in 1890’s – The Robber Barons wanted the Government to stay out of the market economy of the United States during the 1890’s into the early 1900’s • Social Darwinism- survival of the fittest in economics, politics, and imperialism • Haymarket Riot - On May 1, 1886, labor unions organized a strike for an eight-hour work day in Chicago. Albert Parsons, head of the Chicago Knights of Labor, with his wife Lucy Parsons and seven children, led 80,000 people down Michigan Avenue in what is regarded as the first May Day Parade. In the next few days they were joined nationwide by 350,000 workers, including 70,000 in Chicago, who went on strike at 1,200 factories. On May 4th the police ordered the rally to disperse and began marching in formation towards the speakers' wagon. A bomb was thrown at the police line and exploded, killing one policeman (see Mathias J. Degan); seven other policemen later died from their injuries. The police immediately opened fire on the crowd, injuring dozens. Many of the wounded were afraid to visit hospitals for fear of being arrested. A total of eleven people died. • Samuel Gompers - was an American labor and political leader. Gompers founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and held the position as president of the organization for all but one year from 1886 until his death in 1924. 1. Strike – work stoppage by union workers to pressure management to address workers’ needs • Yellow-dog Contract – workers must sign a contract that states they will not join a union if hired to work in a factory • Sherman Anti-trust Act – outlawed any business practice that retrained trade, it was intended to block companies from forming monopolies, it was used to stop unions from striking • Homestead Strike - was a labor lockout and strike which began on June 30, 1892, with a battle between the strikers and private security agents erupting on July 6, 1892. It is one of the most serious labor disputes in U.S. history. The dispute occurred in Homestead, Pennsylvania, between the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers (the AA) and the Carnegie Steel Company. • Pendleton Act - is an 1883 United States federal law that established the United States Civil Service Commission, which placed most federal employees on the merit system and marked the end of the so-called "spoils system." Drafted during the Chester A. Arthur administration • Political machines - In the United States in the late 19th and early 20th century, it was mainly the larger cities that had machines — Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, New York City, Philadelphia, etc. — and each city's machine was run by a "boss," a man who had the allegiance of elected officials and who knew the buttons to push to get things done. Many machines formed in cities to serve immigrants to the U.S. in the late nineteenth century; the immigrants were unfamiliar with the sense of civic duty that was part of American republicanism. They traded votes for jobs and inside favors from judges, policemen, and city inspectors. Some bosses were ruthless in their endeavor to retain power. The main role of the machine staffers was to win elections--usually by turning out large numbers of voters on election day. • Boss Tweed - commonly known as "Boss" Tweed, was an American politician and head of Tammany Hall, the name given to the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in New York City politics from the 1790s to the 1960s. He was convicted and eventually imprisoned for stealing millions of dollars from the city through graft. • Tammany Hall - the name given to the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in New York City politics from the 1790s to the 1960s. • Initiative - provides a means by which a petition signed by a certain minimum number of registered voters can force a public vote on a proposed statute, constitutional amendment, charter amendment or ordinance. • Referendum - is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. This may be the adoption of a new constitution, a constitutional amendment, a law, the recall of an elected official or simply a specific government policy. • Recall - is a procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office. Along with the initiative and referendum, it was one of the major electoral reforms advocated by leaders of the Progressive movement in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. • Alfred T. Mahan – called for a two ocean Navy to protect the interest of the US in an imperialistic society, his ideas gained support around the time of the SpanishAmerican War and also included a more direct route from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean (Panama Canal) • Josiah Strong - was a Protestant clergyman and author. He was a founder of the Social Gospel movement that sought to apply Protestant religious principles to solve the social ills brought on by industrialization, urbanization and immigration. He believed that all races could be improved and uplifted and thereby brought to Christ. In the "Possible Future" portion of Our Country, Strong argued that the superior Anglo-Saxon race had a responsibility to "civilize and Christianize" the world. • Spheres of Influence - is an area or region over which an organization or state exerts some kind of indirect cultural, economic, military or political domination. • Open Door Policy - was first advanced by the United States in the Open Door Notes of September-November 1899. In 1898, the United States had become an East Asian power through the acquisition of the Philippine Islands, and when the partition of China by the European powers and Japan seemed imminent, the United States felt its commercial interests in China threatened. US Secretary of State John Hay sent notes to the major powers (France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, and Russia), asking them to declare formally that they would uphold Chinese territorial and administrative integrity and would not interfere with the free use of the treaty ports within their spheres of influence in China. • Social Darwinism/Imperialism – “Survival of the fittest”, One country dominates the economic/political/social affairs of another country • William Randolph Hearst - was an American newspaper magnate, born in San Francisco, California., owner of the New York Morning Journal, became known for sensationalist writing and for its agitation in favor of the SpanishAmerican War, and the term yellow journalism (a pejorative reference to scandal-mongering, sensationalism, jingoism and similar practices) was derived from the Journal's color comic strip, The Yellow Kid. • Joseph Pulitzer - In 1882 Pulitzer, by then a wealthy man, purchased the New York World, a newspaper that had been losing $40,000 a year, for $346,000 from Jay Gould. Pulitzer shifted its focus to human-interest stories, scandal, and sensationalism. best known for posthumously establishing the Pulitzer Prizes and (along with William Randolph Hearst) for originating yellow journalism. • Dollar Diplomacy - is the term used to describe the efforts of the United States—particularly under President William Howard Taft—to further its foreign policy aims in Latin America and East Asia through use of its economic power. The term was originally coined by President Taft, who claimed that U.S. operations in Latin America went from 'warlike and political' to 'peaceful and economic. • Platt Amendment - The amendment ceded to the U.S. the naval base in Cuba (Guantánamo Bay), stipulated that Cuba would not transfer Cuban land to any power other than the U.S., mandated that Cuba would contract no foreign debt without guarantees that the interest could be served from ordinary revenues, ensured U.S. intervention in Cuban affairs when the U.S. deemed necessary, prohibited Cuba from negotiating treaties with any country other than the United States, and provided for a formal treaty detailing all the foregoing provisions. • Roosevelt Corollary - to the Monroe Doctrine was a substantial alteration (called an "amendment") of the Monroe Doctrine by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904. In its altered state, the Monroe Doctrine would now consider Latin America as an agency for expanding U.S. commercial interests in the region, along with its original stated purpose of keeping European hegemony from the hemisphere. In addition, the corollary proclaimed the explicit right of the United States to intervene in Latin American conflicts exercising an international police power. AKA “Walk softly and carry a big stick” • Muckraking - is an American English term for one who investigates and exposes issues of corruption that violate widely held values, such as political corruption, corporate crime, child labor, conditions in slums and prisons, unsanitary conditions in food processing plants (such as meat), fraudulent claims by manufacturers of patent medicines, labor racketeering, and similar topics. • Ida Tarbell - was an author and journalist. She was known as one of the leading "muckrakers" of her day, whose work was originally published in McClure's Magazine. She also loved the taste of peanut butter in her mouth, and was caught shoplifting peanut butter over 10 times. Her famous exposé of the nefarious business practices of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company established her as a pioneer of investigative journalism. • Lucretia Mott - was an American Quaker minister, abolitionist, social reformer and proponent of women's rights. She is credited as the first American "feminist" in the early 1800s but was, more accurately, the initiator of women's political advocacy. • Elizabeth Cady Stanton - was a social activist and a leading figure of the early woman's movement. Her Declaration of Sentiments, presented at the first women's rights convention held in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, is often credited with initiating the organized woman's rights and woman's suffrage movements in the United States. • Upton Sinclair – Famous muckraker known for writing “The Jungle” which exposed the unsanitary conditions of the meat packing industry in Chicago • Plessey vs. Ferguson, 1896 - Separate but Equal is Constitutional • Booker T. Washington – “Everybody’s money is green”, early Civil Rights leader, advocate of vocational training for African Americans • Ida Wells Barnett - was an African American civil rights advocate, and led a strong cause against lynching. She was a fearless anti-lynching crusader, suffragist, women's rights advocate, journalist and speaker. • Lincoln Steffens - was an American journalist and one of the most famous and influential practitioners of the journalistic style called muckraking. He is also known for his 1921 statement, upon his return from the Soviet Union: "I have been over into the future, and it works. 1. a. b. c. • Ford’s Innovations $5 a day Assembly Line Model T. Worker’s as Consumers • Appeasement - is a policy of accepting the imposed conditions of an aggressor in lieu of armed resistance, usually at the sacrifice of principles. Since World War II, the term has gained a negative connotation in the British government, in politics and in general, of weakness, cowardice and self-deception resulted in the Munich Pact which allowed Germany to occupy the Sudetenland portion of Czechoslovakia • 14 Points - were listed in a speech delivered by President Woodrow Wilson of the United States to a joint session of the United States Congress on January 8, 1918. In his speech, Wilson intended to set out a blueprint for lasting peace in Europe after World War I. • Treaty of Versailles – ended WWI, included a “War Guilt” clause which enabled the allies to force Germany to pay reparations • League of Nations - was an international organization founded after the Paris Peace Conference, 1919. The League's goals included disarmament, preventing war through collective security, settling disputes between countries through negotiation diplomacy and improving global welfare. The diplomatic philosophy behind the League represented a fundamental shift in thought from the preceding hundred years. The League lacked an armed force of its own and so depended on the Great Powers to enforce its resolutions, keep to economic sanctions which the League ordered, or provide an Army, when needed, for the League to use. However, it was often very reluctant to do so. • WWI impact of US Foreign Policy after the War – Lead US to follow a policy of Isolationism to avoid alliances that may drag the US into another European conflict • Sacco and Vanzeti - were two Italian-born American anarchists, who were arrested, tried, and executed via electrocution in Massachusetts. There is much controversy regarding their guilt, stirred in part by Upton Sinclair's 1928 novel Boston. Critics of the trial have accused the prosecution and trial judge of allowing anti-Italian, antiimmigrant, and anti-anarchist sentiment to influence the jury's verdict. • Teapot Dome Scandal - is a reference to an oil field on public land in Wyoming, so named because of a rock resembling a teapot overlooking the field. It is also a phrase commonly applied to the scandal that rocked the administration of United States President Warren G. Harding. • Market/Advertising in the 20’s – National Advertising, consumer credit buying, mail order catalogs, installment plans (buying) • Langston Hughes - was an American poet, novelist, playwright, short story writer, and newspaper columnist. Hughes is best known for his work during the Harlem Renaissance. • Babe Ruth - was an American Major League baseball player during the Roaring Twenties. 1. Scopes Trial – teaching the theory of evolution in public schools, fundamentalist vs. secularism • Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation – insures deposits in banks, depression era safety net for banks, it encouraged people to save their money is banks • Munich Pact – appeasement agreement that allowed Germany to occupy the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia • Non-Aggression Pact Germany and USSR agreement not to declare war on each other while German troops attacked Poland, USSR was given part of Poland as a part of the agreement • Holocaust – Systematic killing of certain groups by the Germans during WWII. Main targeted group were the JEWS • Manhattan Project – Project to construct an atomic weapon • Stalingrad/Turning Point – Stalin refused to back down from the city that was his namesake, this stubbornness and the harsh Russian winter resulted in a huge loss for the German Army • Korematsu vs. US - was a landmark United States Supreme Court case which asked the question, "Did the President and Congress go beyond their war powers by implementing exclusion and restricting the rights of Americans of Japanese descent?" In a 6-3 decision, the Court sided with the government, ruling that the exclusion order leading to Japanese American Internment was not unconstitutional. • Berlin Airlift – delivery of food and supplies to the population of West Berlin by the US and it’s allies after the USSR blockaded the city • D-Day – June 6th, 1944, beach landings to begin the liberation of France from German control • Marshall Plan – Gave assistance to the countries of Europe intent on stopping the spread of communism • Alliance for Progress – Economic assistance to Latin-American countries in an attempt to stop the spread of communism into Central and South America • United Nations – Peace keeping organization that took the place of the League of Nations after WWII • NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization, alliance of Non-communist countries mainly in Europe • Warsaw Pact – alliance of communism countries, puppets of the USSR • House Un-American Activities Committee looked for suspected communist, especially in Hollywood. • McCarthyism – Senate search for communist sympathizers in the government and military of the US • Détente – French term for the thawing of tensions between the USSR and the US • Cuban Missile Crisis – USSR tries to place Nuclear Missiles in Cuba aimed at the US, President Kennedy sends the Navy into the Atlantic to intercept the delivery of the warheads from the USSR to Cuba • SNCC – Student Non-violent coordinating committee lead by Stokley Carmichael, participated in sit-ins, voter registration dives in Mississippi, and Civil Rights protest marches, became more militant as Carmichael began to promote the “Black Power” movement • Earl Warren – Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1953 until 1969 • Brown vs. Board of Ed – reversed Plessy vs. Ferguson making Separate but Equal unconstitutional in public schools • The Feminine Mystique – book written by Betty Friedan concerning the fulfillment of women within a male dominated society • Betty Friedan – thought that women should seek fulfillment outside the realm of being a wife and mother • Haight-Ashbury – capital of the Hippie movement in San Francisco 1. Cesar Chavez – advocate for the rights of Mexican-Americans, especially migrant farm workers • My Lai Incident – killing of 200 civilians in the South Vietnamese village of My Lai, further turn the American public against the war in Vietnam • Domino Theory – one country falls to communism, all of the countries in the region will also fall to communism • Containment – US policy of not allowing communism to spread to other regions of the world • Martin Luther King Jr. – leader of the Civil Rights movement in the US, Assassinated in 1968, non-violent protest • Malcolm X follower of Elijah Mohammad, Nation of Islam spokesman, assassinated by Muslim followers for abandoning the cause • Black Power Movement – Nationalistic approach to Civil Rights, symbol was the raised fist • Stokley Carmichael – leader of SNCC, advocate of the Black Panthers and the Black Power movement • Sputnik – USSR Satellite, lead to the US opening the Space Race and eventual landing of man on the moon • Iran-Contra Affair - was one of the largest political scandals in the United States during the 1980s. It involved several members of the Reagan Administration who in 1986 helped sell arms to Iran, an avowed enemy, and used the proceeds to fund the Contras, an anti-communist guerrilla organization in Nicaragua. • Persian Gulf Wars – 1st Persian Gulf War was to liberate Kuwait from Iraqi control. 2nd Persian Gulf War was to relieve Saddam Hussein of power in Iraq • Flag Burning – issue addressed by the court case of Texas vs. Johnson • Texas vs. Johnson - defendant's act of flag burning was protected speech under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution • NAFTA – North American Free Trade Agreement • Department of Energy - is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy and nuclear safety. • Three Mile Island - On March 28, 1979, the Unit 2 nuclear power plant on Three Mile Island suffered a partial core meltdown. This was the worst accident in US commercial nuclear power generating history • Energy Crisis - Cause: an OPEC oil export embargo by many of the major Arab oilproducing states, in response to western support of Israel during the Yom Kippur War • Jimmy Carter - As President his major initiatives included the consolidation of numerous governmental agencies into the newly formed Department of Energy, a cabinet level department. He enacted strong environmental legislation. With bipartisan support he and Congress deregulated the trucking, airline, rail, finance, communications, and oil industries. Carter bolstered the social security system; and appointed record numbers of women and minorities to significant government and judicial posts. In foreign affairs, Carter's major initiatives included the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal Treaties, the creation of full diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, and the negotiation of the SALT II Treaty. In addition, he is seen as a champion of human rights throughout the world and used human rights as the center of his administration's foreign policy. • Bill Clinton - Clinton's presidency included the longest period of economic growth in America's history. Clinton made cutting the deficit a top priority of his presidency. He supported and signed the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993. The Clinton Administration had a domestic agenda that included successful passage of the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Clinton was unsuccessful in his attempt at a universal health care reform program, known as the Clinton health care plan. The foreign policy of the Clinton administration dealt with conflicts in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Haiti, and most notably the Kosovo War. • Affirmative Action - is a policy or a program whose stated goal is to redress past or present discrimination through active measures to ensure equal opportunity, as in education and employment