CBHS Year 12
Physical Education
A.S. 2.2: Describe how functional anatomy & biomechanical principles
relate to performing physical activity (weight training)
Course structure
12 lessons anatomy / 12
biomechanics
 Lecture style – You are responsible for
your own notes. Miss a lesson –
catch up!
 4 credits NCEA level 2

Functional Anatomy
Bones
 Anatomical terms of movement
 Planes of movement
 Joints
 Muscles
 Muscle action & control

The Skeletal System


206 bones in the
skeleton
Divided into 2 main
groups


Axial skeleton
Appendicular
skeleton
Axial Skelton

The axial skeleton
consists of the skull,
spine & rib cage. Like
in a car, it supports the
rest of the body.
The skull:


The cranium; 8 bones
fused together
The face – 14 bones,
some fused some
independent, e.g. jaw
The spine:



7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
The thorax:


12 pairs of ribs
Top 10 pairs joined to
the sternum at front by
cartilage
Appendicular Skeleton
1.
The shoulder girdle

2.
The arm

3.
Consists of the clavicle joined to the top of
the sternum at one end and holding the
scapula away from the rib cage at the
other.
The humerus joins the ulnar and the radius
at the elbow and, in turn these are joined
to the highly mobile wrist and hand.
The wrist

The ulnar and the radius join two rows of
four carpal bones at the wrist
4.
The hand

The palm consists of 5 metacarpal bones, which
join the phalanges of the thumb and fingers
5. The leg

The femur is the longest, heaviest and strongest
bone in the body. The femur fits into a socket in
the pelvis and at the other end, joins the tibia to
form the knee joint. The patella in front protects
the joint. The fibula acts as a support to the
ankle and to the muscles of the lower leg.
6. The foot

Seven tarsal and five metatarsals support the
body weight . The 14 phalanges are much
smaller than in the hand
Bones in the skeleton
All bones in the body have a specific
function. However, to learn all 206
bones is a little unrealistic.
 We will focus on some of the major
players, in particular, those that act
directly on major joints.
 On the handout, identify and label
some of the main bones in the body.

Function of Bones
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Framework – for the entire body
Protection – heart, brain and spinal cord
Levers – muscles are attached to bone
Storehouse for calcium – which may be
remove to become part of the blood if
there is not enough calcium in the diet.
Production of blood cells
Types of bone
1.
2.
3.
4.
Long bones – e.g. humerus, tibia, radius &
phalanges
Short bones – e.g. carpals and tarsals
Flat bones – e.g. skull, ribs, pelvis or
scapula. These give protection of the
internal organs or an attachment for the
large muscles
Irregular bones – e.g. face & vertebrae
Structure of a bone

Try to identify the
following features:







Cancellous bone
Compact bone
Head
Periosteum (‘skin’
surrounding the bone)
Shaft
Marrow cavity
Bone marrow
Anatomical terms of reference
From the anatomical position, we are able to use terms that help us
to locate the systems of the body. The terms most commonly used
are as follows:

Superior – towards the head, or above

Inferior – towards the feet, or below

Anterior – front, or “in front of”

Posterior – back, or “at the back of”

Lateral – towards the side of the body, or away from the
midline of the body

Medial – toward the midline

Proximal – closer to the top of a limb

Distal – closer toward the bottom or end of a limb

Supine – lying face upwards

Prone – lying face downwards
Complete worksheet using this diagram to help you
Activity


Make a sentence using anatomical terms
with the following bones
E.g. “the patella is superior to the
metatarsals”





Tibia / Femur
Cranium / Ribs
Coccyx / Ilium
Sternum / Scapula
Radius / Ulna
Planes of motion
These terms describe the way
the body moves through them.
There are three planes of
motion in which we can move
in space.



Frontal – involved when
movement occurs to the side
of the body, e.g. when a
person is doing a cartwheel
Transverse – involved when
the body is bent over, e.g.
when a person is doing a
somersault
Saggital – involved when the
body is moving forward, e.g.
when a person is running.
Joints

There are three categories of joints,
according to the degree of movement
that each permits.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BXoM
a2bVC18

For this section of the lectures you can fill in the
worksheet on joints.
Fibrous Joints
Occur where bones are united, or
fused, by fibrous tissue.
 E.g. Skull, pelvic bones

Cartilaginous Joints
These joints occur where bones are
united by intervening cartilage
 E.g. vertebral column, pubic bones

Synovial Joints




The main feature of the synovial joint is it’s
mobility.
There are a number of common features in
synovial joints
We will look at these in more detail.
Activity: refer to pg 5 in textbook and
complete worksheet on the 8 common
features of synovial joints.
Types of Synovial Joints
http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/JOINTS.HTML

Hinge
 Movement = back-and-forth like bending and
straightening
 E.g. knee, knuckle, ankle, elbow

Pivot
 Movement = rotation only
 E.g. between atlas & atlas, radius & humerus


Ovoid (ellipsoid)
 Movement = back-and-forth & side-to-side. No
rotation
 E.g. between the carpals (wrist) & radius, metacarpal
& phalange
Gliding (plane)
 Movement = occurs when two joints with flat surfaces
slide on each other but are restricted to limited
movement by ligaments. Allow side-to-side & backand-forth movement.
 E.g. between carpals, tarsals

Saddle
 Movement = side-to-side & back-and-forth
movement. No rotation.
 E.g. between the carpal and metacarpal
bones of the thumb

Ball & Socket
 Movement = side-to-side, back-and-forth and
rotation.
 E.g. hip, shoulder
Movements allowed by
synovial joints
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction
Rotation
Inversion
Eversion
Planterflexion
Dorsiflexion
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F
s-yOdW13ds
4
2
10
7
1
9
8
3
Homework
Study the features of a knee joint.
 List at least 5 features you would find
in a knee joint.

Knee joint dissection lab
Investigation of a cattle knee joint
 Knee joint
 What type of joint is a knee joint?
 What are some of the features of a
synovial joint?
 Follow instructions and complete
worksheet.

Muscles

There are 500
voluntary muscles

http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=S6jVEYR7a8c&
eurl=http://video.google.c
om/videosearch?q=arnol
d+vs+lou&sitesearch

Pre-test
Complete the handout by
identifying as many of the
major muscles as you
can.

A little more detail
Muscle action & control

The prime mover is the major muscle
used to initiate a particular movement,
e.g. biceps brachii is the prime mover
during flexion of the elbow.

What is the prime mover during
extension of the knee?




Skeletal muscles
usually work in pairs
The muscles which
causes the movement
is the agonist
As the agonist
contracts, the other
muscle in the pair
relaxes and lengthens.
This is know as the
antagonist.
Synergists assist
agonists and
antagonists.