2.02 Understand the
functions and disorders of the
circulatory system
2.02 Understand the functions and
disorders of the circulatory system
Essential questions:
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What are the functions of blood?
What are some disorders of the blood?
How are blood disorders treated?
How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the blood?
What are the functions of the circulatory system?
What are some disorders of the circulatory system?
How are disorders of the circulatory system treated?
How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the circulatory
system?
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders
of the circulatory system
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What are the functions of blood?
Transportation
What
does the blood transport?
carries nutrients from digestive
tract to the cells, oxygen to cells,
waste products, hormones
*Erythropoiesis
is the manufacture of
red blood cells in the red bone
marrow; a diet with adequate iron
intake is required for this process.
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What are the functions of blood?
Regulation
How does the blood regulate heat?
Circulates excess heat to body
surfaces and lungs.
How does the blood regulate
acid/base balance?
Carries buffers and amino acids
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders
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What are the functions of blood?
Protection
What function of the blood
serves to protect the body?
Circulates antibodies and defense
cells to fight infection and disease
What
is the relevance to health?
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Functions of the blood components
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Plasma
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes
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Plasma
Contains components necessary for blood
clotting and helps to maintain blood volume
Plasma
Cellular
elements
2.01 Remember the structures of the
circulatory system
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Erythrocytes
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What are the functions
of erythrocytes?
Transportation
hemo= blood
globin= protein
What is the function of
hemoglobin?
Carry O2 to tissues and
CO2 away.
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Erythrocytes
Starts here
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Hemolysis
What is it?
Bursting of red blood cell
 Where does it occur?
Red blood cell
 What is the lifetime of an
erythrocyte?
120 days
 What happens to old
erythrocytes?
Broken down by spleen and
liver.

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Rh factor
Hemolytic anemia occurs when
blood cells are destroyed earlier
than normal.
Treatment depends on the cause.
A blood transfusion may be
Necessary.
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Leukocytes
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What is the function of
leukocytes?
Help to fight disease
and infection
Compare leukocytes to
erythrocytes.
WBC’s are larger than
RBC’s; WBC’s are
granular or agranular
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Leukocytes
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Agranulocytes
LymphocytesProtect against cancer
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MonocytesPerform phagocytosis
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Leukocytes
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Granulocytes
 Neutrophils-perform
phagocytosis; contributes
to pus formation
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Eosinophils-increase
during worm infections
and allergic attacks
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Basophils-perform
phagocytosis; promotes
inflammatory response.
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Inflammation
*Occurs when body tissue
has been exposed to chemical/
physical trauma or has been invaded by microorganisms (fungi,
bacteria, viruses, protozoa, etc.)
*Symptoms: Redness, local heat,
swelling, pain, pus may occur due
to increased leukocytes.
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Inflammation
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Inflammation
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Thrombocytes
What is the composition of
thrombocytes?
The smallest, solid
component of the blood;
ovoid in shape.
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What is their function?
Assist with blood clotting by
forming a “platelet plug”.
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Thrombocytes
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Blood types
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Blood types
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Compare blood types. (antigen/antibodies)
A
B
AB
O
*Who can receive
type O blood?
EVERYONE
can receive O negative
Blood!
UNIVERSAL DONOR
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Blood types


Compare blood types. (antigen/antibodies)
A
B
AB
O
*AB positive is the
UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT
AB pos. can
receive ANY blood
BUT can only donate
to AB pos. recipients
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Rh factor
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Rh factor
What is *erythroblastosis fetalis?
*Hemolytic disease of the newborn
What causes it?
*Rh neg. mother is pregnant with Rh pos. baby
and the mother’s blood develops anti-Rh antibodies;
1st born not affected, but the next preganancy will be.
Mom’s anti-Rh antibodies will cause the baby’s RBC’s
to clump.
How is it treated?
RHO Gam is a shot given to the Rh neg.
mother to destroy any Rh pos. blood cells.
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Blood Disorders
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*Anemia-”low
iron”; deficiency in
RBC’s and
hemoglobin
 *Symptoms-dyspnea,
pallor, palpitations,
extreme fatigue
Discuss why these
symptoms occur.
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Blood disorders
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Blood disorders:
*Embolism-a “moving” blood clot, a substance that is
foreign to the bloodstream (air, fat cells, needle, bullet,
blood clot, etc.); may cause death if iy travels to the lungs
or the heart.
Thrombus-formation of a blood clot in a vessel; usually
caused by slow blood circulation or a decrease in mobility.
2.02 Understand the functions and disorders
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Blood disorders
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Blood disorders:
Hematoma-a clotted mass of blood found in an organ,
tissue or space; caused by injury that can cause a blood
vessel to rupture.
Contusion-a bruise; blood vessels are damaged or broken
due to a blow to the skin (bumping against something,
hitting self with hammer, getting hit with a rock, etc.)
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Blood disorders
Review the symptoms of hemophilia.
Discuss why these symptoms occur.
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Blood disorders:
*Hemophilia-hereditary disease where the blood clots
slowly or abnormally and there is prolonged bleeding with
minor injuries; more common in males, transmitted by
moms to sons.
*Symptoms: bruises easily, bleeds freely
*Treatment-depends on the type; *injections of the
clotting factor are commonly used; avoid trauma.
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Blood disorders
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Leukemia
What is leukemia?cancerous/malignant
condition with a great
increase in the number of
WBC’s.
Symptoms-fever, headache,
bruising, joint pain,
swollen lymph nodes,
fatigue, weight loss
Treatment-drug therapy,
bone marrow transplants,
radiation.
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Blood disorders
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*Multiple myelomamalignant cancer of
plasma cells; the cells
multiple abnormally in
the bone marrow.
Symptoms-kidney failure, anemia,
bone damage/fractures.
Treatment-chemotherapy and
radiation are not very effective;
prognosis is poor.
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Blood disorders
Polycythemia-increased number of
red blood cells in the blood.
Symptoms-thickened blood,
headache, blood clots, dizziness,
itchiness, redness of skin,
shortness of breath, numbness,
fatigue.
Treatment-removal of blood,
meds
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Blood disorders
Septicemia-toxins
in the blood
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CausesTreatment-
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Blood disorders
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*Sickle cell anemiachronic blood disorder
inherited from both
parents; most common
in African Americans
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*Symptoms-RBC’s form in
the shape of a crescent,
RBC’s break easily, carry
less oxygen, anemia,
fatigue, pain in joints
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Treatment-blood transfusions, bone marrow
transplants.
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What are the
functions of
the heart?
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Functions of the heart
Did you know?
At rest, 2 ounces of blood
is circulated with each heart beat.
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Functions of the heart
It’s a PUMP
What do pumps do?
How does this relate to heart function?
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Hear the beat!
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Hear the beat!
Lubb-the first sound heard when the triscuspid
and the bicuspid valves close.
Dupp-the second sound heard, shorter and
more high pitched, when the semilunar valves
in the aorta and the pulmonary artery closes.
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Blood Pressure FYI
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Blood pressure is the surge of blood when
heart pumps creates pressure against the
walls of the arteries.
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SYSTOLIC PRESSURE
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Measured during the contraction phase of the heart
DIASTOLIC PRESSURE
 Measured when the ventricles are relaxed
What is the normal range of blood pressure
for an adult?
*120/80
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Functions of the heart
It’s a PUMP
What makes the pump work?
It’s
electric!
Explain the electrical
activity of the heart.
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It’s electric!
Discuss the function of
the heart’s conduction
system.
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Electrocardiogram
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EKG or ECG (electrical tracing of the heart)
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SYSTOLE = contraction phase of the heart
DIASTOLE = relaxation phase of the heart
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Baseline of an EKG is a flat line:
P = Atrial contraction
QRS = Ventricular contraction
T = Ventricular relaxation
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Functions of the heart
It’s a PUMP
What makes the pump work?
It’s
electric!
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of the circulatory system
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Functions of the heart
Transportation
What does the heart transport?
-Blood to the cells and back to the heart
-Oxygen and nutrients to the cells
and waste products away
-the lymph system returns excess
fluid from tissues to general circulation
What is involved in the transportation process?
-heart, arteries, veins, capillaries,
blood, lymphatic system
How is this a circulatory system function?
-the heart is a PUMP
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The transportation process
Discuss systemic circulation
*Systemic
circulationblood from the heart to the
tissues and cells and back
to the heart.
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The transportation process
Right side
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary artery
Left Side
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Bicuspid valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta
Body
Lungs CO2 and O2
exchange
(Schematic of systemic circulation)
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The transportation process

Discuss cardiopulmonary
circulation-blood from the
heart to the lungs and back
to the heart.

Compare
Systemic Circulation
To
Cardiopulmonary Circulation
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Vessels of the circulatory system
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ARTERIES
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What are the functions of
arteries?
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What are the characteristics of
arteries?
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Which direction do arteries
flow?
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Vessels of the
circulatory system
Describe arterial blood.
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Vessels of the circulatory system
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VEINS
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What is the function of
veins?
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What are the characteristics
of veins?
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Which direction do veins
flow?
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Compare arterial and venous
blood.
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Vessels of the
circulatory system
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Vessels of the circulatory system
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Vessels of the circulatory system
What is the function of CAPILLARIES?
(*connect arterioles with venules)
What happens if this action is obstructed?
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Remember Pulse Sites?
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Where do they come from?
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Circulatory disorders
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*Arrhythmia-is any
change from normal
heart rate or rhythm; an
irregular heartbeat/rate.
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BRADYCARDIA
Slow heart rate
(<60 beats per minute)
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TACHYCARDIA
Rapid heart rate
(>100 beats per minute)
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Circulatory disorders
*AneurysmThe ballooning out or
bulging of an artery.
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Circulatory disorders
*Coronary artery disease
narrowing of the arteries
that supply blood to the
heart muscle; usually
caused by a build up
on the artery walls.
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Circulatory disorders
Arteriosclerosisarterial walls thicken
due to loss of elasticity
as aging occurs.
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Circulatory disorders
*Atherosclerosisdeposits of fatty
substances form on
the walls of arteries.
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Circulatory disorders
*Angina pectorisSevere chest pain
due to lack of
oxygen; this could
be due to an underlying coronary artery
disease; this is not a heart attack-the heart will
not be damaged.
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Circulatory disorders
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*Hypertension is high
blood pressure; also
known as the “silent killer”.
Factors that influence high
blood pressure: stress,
smoking, diet high in fat,
overweight, family history.
Treatment: relaxation, reduction of fat in diet,
*Normal blood pressure
exercise, weight loss,
120/80
medication.
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Circulatory disorders
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Heart failure
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Circulatory Disorders
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*Heart Failure-the heart (ventricles) can’t
pump enough blood to meet the body’s
needs resulting in poor circulation; the heart
is weak and the blood collects in the heart.
Symptoms-venous congestion or
accumulation of fluid in the tissues (EDEMA)
Treatment-reduce risk factors, exercise,
mange stress, treat depression, weight loss,
medications.
Circulatory disorders
Murmur-an extra or
unusual sound during
a heartbeat.
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Circulatory disorders
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Myocardial infarction
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Circulatory disorders
*Myocardial Infarction-commonly known as an
“MI” or “heart attack” is caused by lack of blood
supply to the heart muscle (myocardium) due to
coronary artery disease; the myocardium is
damaged due to the lack of blood.
*Symptoms-severe chest pain that radiates to
the left shoulder, arm, neck, and jaw, increased
perspiration, fatigue, dyspnea.
Treatment-IMMEDIATE! Bedrest, oxygen, meds,
possible surgery.
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Circulatory disorders
Peripheral vascular disease-disease of the blood
vessels outside of the heart.
Stop smoking, lose weight, exercise,
control BP, medications
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Circulatory disorders
Pulmonary edema-build up of fluid in the lungs
usually due to heart failure.
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Circulatory disorders
*Transient ischemic attack (TIA)-temporary
interruptions of blood flow to the brain; usually caused
by narrowing of the carotid artery.
*Symptoms: Dizziness, weakness, fainting temporary
paralysis.
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Circulatory disorders
*Varicose veins:
swollen veins due
to slow blood flow;
may be due to long
periods of standing
or due to pregnancy.
Prevention:
Avoid excess standing, elevate legs
when possible,
support hose.
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Circulatory disorders
Leading Causes of Death:
The Impact of Circulatory Disorders
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Relevance of nutrients
to the blood and circulatory system

The circulatory
system plays a vital
role in homeostasis

Absorption and
transport of nutrients to
cells, tissues, organs,
and systems
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