Matter in the form of toroidal electromagnetic vortices
Paper 9570-29
www.energiewirbel.com
Wilhelm F. Hagen
Born September 18, 1938 in Germany
Applied Physics Degree from PTL Lübeck
Worked at Mercedes-Benz
University of Minnesota
American Optical in Mass.
University of California Livermore Labs
Designed the Shiva, Nova and NIF fusion
laser before he retired in 1988.
All forces and particles and potentially dark matter and
dark energy are different manifestations of
electromagnetic energy.
W.F. Hagen
Fig. 1 shows a photon can be represented as a
wave-packet of electromagnetic energy that is
composed of right and left circular components
with opposite electrical polarities (E ± ) originating
from a common zero potential optical axis.
If such an energetic photon (γ gamma-ray of over 1
MeV) interacts with a strong field of a nucleon it
could be split into its two separate components.
These fragments are unstable due to longitudinal
magnetic fields HL that tend to form closed loops
to minimize energy.
The fleeting energy of the photon is now trapped
in circular motion of localized electromagnetic
energy perceptible as charged particles that resist
change of motion with inertia and hence mass.
Fig. 2 shows the experimental decay sequence of
other leptons like the muons μ and Taus τ as well as
meson resonances of pions π and Ψ decay into their
fundamental components of electrons and
neutrinos.
The same pair creation process of energetic γ
gamma-rays apply to these heavier but short lived
particles, which may be considered excited states of
electrons and hence exhibit IDENTICAL charges.
Fig.3 is an illustration of how muon decay into
electrons and neutrinos can be envisioned.
The compressed energetic muon releases its
energy by radial expansion into a much larger
and less energetic electron, while excess energy
is released by electromagnetic induction in the
form of left and right handed neutrinos.
During the accelerating radial expansion a left
handed muon neutrino is generated followed
by a right handed electron neutrino during the
deceleration phase.
The virtual W vector boson acts as short lived
angular momentum transfer for spin reversal.
The neutral neutrinos appear as very compact
transverse magnetic (TM) waves with closed
field lines that explain the observed very low
interaction cross-sections.
The radial expansion process explains the
mislabeled “weak nuclear forces”.
Fig. 4 illustrates how all elementary particles (hadrons and
protons) can be considered multiple pion states similarly to
the nuclear tables as multiple proton and neutron
combinations.
All short lived hadrons decay into pions and other leptons.
This recognition explains the IDENTITY of all charges from
electrons to protons.
There is no justification (other than book-keeping) to invent
six different quarks with fractional charges that exactly match
the charge of the unrelated electrons to 36 orders in
magnitude. Greater deviations would overpower gravity with
everything flying apart. Neither fractional charges nor quarks
have ever been observed. To patch up this flawed theory
gluons had to be invented that defy sensibility. Nature is much
less complex.
Fig.5 illustrates the energy distribution of a neutron consisting of
a proton and a captured highly compressed electron.
The radial electromagnetic compression of the electron by the
proton represents the mislabeled “weak nuclear force”.
The erroneous conclusion by Heisenberg in 1932 that the neutron
is a separate elementary particle was based on the misconception
that the electron is a point particle with spin of ½.
Point particle would have infinite self-energies and hence can not
exist. Free neutrons decay in 15 minutes into a proton, electron
and neutrino releasing 782 keV of energy.
The toroidal compressed electron resolves this misconception and
explains also the unexpected magnetic moment of the neutron,
which was measured by Otto Stern in 1934 in spite of the ridicule
by theoretical gurus based on a particle without any charge.
Fig.6 illustrates the force balanced geometry and energy
distributions of the deuteron.
The deuteron can be envisioned as a combination of two protons
held together by a central compressed electron in a stable coaxial
configuration. The toroidal surfaces represent surfaces of the
highest potentials while the fields extend far beyond as indicated
in the energy distributions.
The attractive electric forces are balanced by repelling magnetic
forces.
These axial electromagnetic forces replace the mislabeled “strong
nuclear forces” which were invented to overcome the repulsion of
protons within a nucleon with erroneous neutral neutrons.
Fig. 7 shows the electric and magnetic field distributions and
field directions for the parallel spin deuteron resulting in
symmetric field and energy distributions.
The electric field lines point from the protons partially to the
electron and the rest outward, approaching spherical symmetry at
a few fermis.
In contrast the magnetic fields commingle with a remaining axial
component that corresponds to the measured magnetic moment
of the deuteron.
Fig. 8 shows the magnetic energy distribution, field
distributions and field directions for the nonexistent
opposite spin deuteron resulting in asymmetric energy and
field distributions.
Opposite spin deuterons do not exist because of
unbalanced repelling magnetic forces.
This natural observation replaces the artificial Pauli
Exclusion Principle and the empirical result that nature
prefers parallel spin over opposite spin nuclei.
Spin dependent strong nuclear force theories should be
challenged.
Fig. 9 provides examples of force balanced nuclei.
The Helium-4 nucleus or α-particle emerges as a symmetric
compact cubic configuration that provides a unique building
block for heavy nuclei. The four radial spaced protons are held
together by two axial confined electrons. Adding protons and
compressed electrons leads to other isotopes. The decay of heavy
nuclei emits in many cases α-particles.
The stable and abundant Lithium-7 nucleus consists of two
α-particles with one of the two central protons removed, leading
to a symmetric configuration. Lithium-7 provides the first step in
the trend of the stability criteria toward neutron-rich isotopes with
increasing mass number.
A very compact neutron-4 configuration is force balanced but has
not yet been observed. Since it has no electron shell it would slip
through any container right to the center of gravity, which may
explain dark matter.
Conclusions:
The extended oscillating fields from toroidal particles can explain matter waves;
resolve the wave particle duality dilemma and spooky actions at a distance.
Even gravity appears to be related to electromagnetic energy fluctuations in
space caused by interacting particles.
Gravity appears to be an energy attraction and not just mass attraction.
In summary, all forces and particles and potentially dark matter and dark energy
are different manifestations of electromagnetic energy.
For details see www.energiewirbel.com or contact: wfhagen@gmail.com.
Thank you