Chapter 1
7th Grade
Section 1.1
Societies of North America
The First People in America
Scientists believe that
the first Americans
migrated, or moved, to
the Americas from Asia.
Some ancient people may
have crossed a land bridge,
known as Beringia, that
joined Asia and North
America during the last Ice
Age 12,000 years ago.
•PreColumbian
time period.
•First
Americans
came from
Asia
•Crossed the
Bering Strait
during an Ice
Age
•Following a
food source
•Gradual
migration
Clovis People
oIs
the name given to the first
peoples to settle North America
oDates from 13,000 to 11,000 for
their arrival
oClovis people left behind many
artifacts that have been
scientifically dated
Clovis People Continued…
oThere
are many sites
throughout North America
Identified as “Clovis sites”
oSites are identified usually by
the types of arrowheads found
oThey lived by hunting big
game, most of which is now
extinct
AFTER CLOVIS
oPrevailing
theory is that Clovis People are the
ancestors of all Native American groups
oThe Clovis way of life ended with the extinction of the
animals they hunted
oDifferent groups split off from one another, forming
their own cultures in different locations throughout
North America
oGenetic study suggests that all Native American groups
can be linked to a single “founding population”
Maybe there were other ways people
migrated to what we now call North
and South America.
Some scientists believe
humans came to the
Americas much earlier than
12,000 years ago.
Two young men, Will Thomas and Dave Deacy,
discovered Kennewick Man’s skull at Columbia
Park in Kennewick, Washington while sneaking
into a hydroplane race on July 28, 1996.
Controversy
•
•
•
Anthropologist James (Jim)
Chatters was assigned to
investigate the bones.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
originally had legal custody of
Kennewick Man.
Confederate Tribes of the Umatilla
Indians, whose ancestors had
lived in the area, wanted to gain
custody of Kennewick Man.
Controversy
•
•
•
DNA was inconclusive but radiocarbon testing
indicated he had lived approximately 9,500 years
ago.
Umatilla Confederacy wanted to rebury Kennewick
Man according to their culture’s traditions.
Chatters believed Kennewick Man predated
Umatilla and that reburial without study would
disrespect his people’s proper place in human
history.
What is Race?
Three skull shapes representing three major races
is concept from 1800’s, considered too simplistic
and out of date by modern anthropologists.
Modern peoples
often look different
from their ancestors.
Even by studying
Kennewick Man’s skull
shape, physical
anthropologists
cannot place him in
any modern-day racial
or ethnic category.
Testing the Skeleton
• Scientists tried DNA testing to find out
how closely he is or is not related to other
ancient populations.
• DNA can be found in teeth and bones, but
much more easily in blood, urine, hair, skin
tissue and organs.
• Cell matter degrades over. Also, if bones
come in contact with other DNA (others
handling bones or animals contacting
bones) tests can be sabotaged.
• Thus far, efforts to test Kennewick Man’s
DNA has been unsuccessful.
• Other tests and observation of skeleton
have led scientists to other conclusions.
What you can determine from a skull:
What you cannot determine from a skull:
 Proportional arrangements of facial
features
 Approximate age
 Sex
 Teeth-individual characteristics and
conditions
 Injuries, malnutrition and some
illnesses
 Approximate weight
 Possible indicators of ancestry
 Skin color and freckles or other
markings
 Wrinkles or other lines on skin
 Hair color, type and style
 Facial hair (mustache, beard)
 Eyebrows and eyelid structure
 Eye color
 Shape and length of nose
 Shape of ears
 Shape of lips and mouth
Scientist Findings (as of 12/2011)
• Kennewick Man had been
about 5’9” or 5’10” tall.
• Bone mass showed he had
been very muscular and strong.
• He had arthritis in both knees
as well as in his right elbow and
in some vertebrae.
• Had been hit in the front of the
hip by an assailant throwing a
spear, but not fatal.
• Hip bone had grown back
around the spear point.
Other Theories and Findings
Most scientists believe Kennewick Man most closely related to ancient Polynesians or
Ainu, generally light-skinned (not Caucasian) people from Asia. People that migrated
to America’s during last ice age, either by land bridge or by boat.
Kennewick Man’s Tool Kit
1. Lump of red ocher to make
designs on bodies or rocks,
decorate deceased before burial
or as insect repellant.
2. Crescent (fragment here;
archaeologists don’t know
purpose.
3. 3a and 3b-scrapers for shaping
bone and wood.
4. Bone needle for sewing.
5. Bola-set of stones tied together
to stun or snare birds and longlegged animals.
Kennewick Man’s Tool Kit
6. 6a-d- spear points for
killing game animals (and
also sometimes used as
knives for cutting).
6e is set to a foreshaft
with sinew or animal
tendon.
7. Barbed harpoon point,
possibly for spearing fish.
May have fastened to
foreshaft to use as spear.
Currently, Kennewick Man is
in special protective storage
at the Burke Museum in
Seattle.
Artifacts have been
found in South
America that tests
show to be 30,000
years old.
Some scientists believe
that people came to
the Americas by many
routes, including by
boat, over thousands
of years.
The Emergence of Civilizations
Olmec Head No. 3 from San
Lorenzo Tenochtitlan 1200–900
BCE
El Castillo, the most
iconic Mayan pyramid
About 1200 B.C., the Olmec arose in a
region from central Mexico to present-day
Nicaragua. The thrived for 800 years and
built large cities and earthen mounds
shaped like pyramids. Then, around 400 B.
C. they mysteriously vanished. Then 650
years later, the Maya had developed a
great civilization. They abandoned many of
their cities.
Early Native American Civilizations
•The Hohokam used Irrigation to alter their dry
environment to make farming possible.
Culture area
Beginning about 100 A.D. , the Anasazi lived in
what is now Utah, Arizona, Colorado, and New
Mexico. They were mainly farmers, but around
1300, drought or warfare caused the Anasazi to
leave their homes.
Cliff dwellings could
be 600 feet above
the canyon floor.
See next slide for the
ladder they could pull
up to avoid attacks.
Peoples of the North and West
The Aleut (uh-LOOT)
The Inuit (in-you-it)
Peoples of the North and West cont.
Pueblo Indians – Like their ancestors, the Anasazi and Hohokam, they used irrigation for
farming.
Navajo and Apache-nomadic hunter, gatherers
Geronimo
Peoples of Mexico
Capital of Tenochtitlan located
on an island in Lake Texcoco.
Aztecs
Aztecs created a great
civilization in what is now
central Mexico.
In 1325, the Aztecs
began to build their
capital city,
Tenochtitlan, on
islands in Lake
Texcoco.
Peoples of the Great Plains and East
There were many
nomadic tribes that
lived on the Great
Plains.
Four hundred years ago,
Iroquois people were slash-andburn farmers, who cut and
burned clearings in the forest
for their longhouse villages and
farm fields.
Section 1.2
Societies of West Africa and Europe
Africa in 1500
Show Empires of Africa on Disc. Ed. And start at 43:15.
Ghana and Islam
•Ghana became the first West African kingdom
to grow rich by controlling the trade of salt and
gold.
Mali and Songhai
By the 1200’s, another West African kingdom, Mali,
had taken over most of Ghana’s territory. Its wealth
also came from control of gold and salt.
Then its leader died and the power of Mali decreased.
The Songhai people living near the Niger River broke
away from the empire’s control and created their
own empire.
As these empires rose and fell, a number of social
changes were occurring in Europe-changes that would
push them to explore the world.
Europe Undergoes Great Change
Feudalism
The Rise of Feudalism on Disc. Ed in My Content
If time…
Show Feudalism and the Manor System Teacher Board on Disc. Ed. In My Content
The Middle Ages
Life in the Middle Ages Disc. Ed
The Crusades
http://www.history.com/topics/crusades/videos/thecrusades
The Renaissance and Reformation
Exploring the Renaissance on Disc. Ed.
Changes in Trade
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O0kJunDHk8Y
The Chemistry of Pepper: The Spice that Changed the World Reactions
Trade existed between the Middle East and Asia, but the
Middle East merchants acted as middlemen
Section 1.3
Early European Explorers
Exploration
1450-1700
Exploration-In a Nutshell
• When: 1450-1700
• What: Exploration, Conquest, Colonization
• Who: Portugal, Spain, France, the Dutch,
England and other European countries
• Where: Africa, the Americas, Asia
• Result: Diffusion of ideas
and cultural forces that
reshaped the global
environment
Order of Exploration by Country
•
•
•
•
Portugal
Spain
France
The
Dutch
• England
Order of Exploration by Country
•
•
•
•
Portugal
Spain
France
The
Dutch
• England
The Order That Conquest and Colonization
Happened
•
•
•
•
•
Explorers
Conquistadors
Missionaries
Permanent Settlers
Official European Colony
Major Explorers and Their Voyages
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bartholomeu Dias’ voyage (1487)
Christopher Columbus’ first voyage (1492-1493)
Christopher Columbus’ second voyage (1493-1496)
Vasco da Gama’s voyage to India (1497-1499)
John Cabot’s first voyage (1497)
John Cabot’s second voyage (1498)
Christopher Columbus’ third voyage (1498)
Amerigo Vespucci's first voyage (1499-1500)
Christopher Columbus’ fourth voyage (1502-1503)
Magellan’s voyage around the world (1519-1522)
A Map of the Known World Before 1492
What Encouraged Exploration?
•
Marco Polo took the Silk Road, returned
23 years later to Venice with the goods
and ideas he had brought back from China.
The Three G’s
• Gold-Wealth of all kind
• Glory-More land meant glory for their
kingdoms
• God- Convert the native people to
Christianity After the Reformation there
was competition between the Catholics
and Protestants to win converts
The Portuguese
Prince Henry “The Navigator”
Not an explorer but was a
patron and sponsor
Created a navigation school
at Sagres, Portugal to
encourage exploration
Portugal was the first
country to launch largescale voyages of exploration
What Prince Henry the Navigator Wanted
• Prince Henry gathered scientists,
cartographers-mapmakers- and other experts
at his navigation school
• Goal: to find a water route to Asia to allow
Portugal to trade directly with the East
• He died before the route was found.
• Portugal learned a lot about the African coast
line including that gold and slaves were
plentiful!
New Maritime Technology
Hartman Astrolabe
1532
Caravel: Faster, more economical.
Could navigate shallow coastal
waters and rivers.
Lateen Sail: triangular sail
Mariner’s Compass
Improvements in Navigation
• Better maps: follow coasts at first, used
compass
• Better ships: Caravels- square sails and new
hull design, heavy enough to carry canon
• Astrolabe- magnetic compass to sail by the
stars
• Knowledge of wind patterns
The astrolabe was used to determine latitude,
the north-south position on the globe, by
measuring the height or altitude of celestial
bodies over the horizon and making a
calculation using the known declination of
the star.
The Portuguese
Go To
Africa and to Asia
Bartolomeu Dias
• Portuguese sailed for
Portugal.
• First European to round the
Cape of Good Hope in 1488did not make it to Asia
• Named the Cape of Good
Hope because he hoped they
had found a route to Asia.
• Died in heavy seas off the
African coast May 29, 1500.
Columbus’s Plan
Italian Sailor
Plan: Sail West across the Atlantic
Mistakes:
1. Relied on writings of Marco Polo and Paolo Toscanelli,
who were wrong about the size of Asia and they claimed
that Asia stretched farther from west to east than it really
did.
2. He Underestimated the Distance around the globe. He
thought it was only 2/3 as large as it actually is!
3. Therefore, the Atlantic must be small
Asked King of Portugal to finance voyage, King’s advisors
argued Columbus had miscalculated the distance to Asia,
and reminded the King of the progress Portuguese explorers
were making down the coast of Africa looking for a route to
Asia. So Columbus asked Spain.
Columbus’s Plan
• King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella agreed
to fund Columbus and they wanted to
share the riches he found.
• However, there was war with Muslims
• Queen wanted to spread Christianity
• Columbus had waited for years to get the
go ahead, so he wanted the name Admiral
of the Ocean Sea and rule the discovered
land
Setting Sail
• Nina, Pinta, and the Santa Maria
• 90 men
• Kept two logs. One he kept secret, and had the truth about
the record of the day’s sailing.
Two Months Later…
• Men lost confidence in Columbus and wanted
to return to Spain
• Men agreed to sail for three more days
• “Tierra! Tierra!” from the Pinta
• Thought he reached the SE Asia (Indies), but
was in the Caribbean
• Called the Native people Indian
Reaching the Americas
• Named the island San Salvador
• He left the island (leaving men behind) to go
to Japan
• Gone for three (3) months
• He reached Espanola (Hispaniola)
– Found Pearls; he thought he was in Asia
– Returned home and came back to find his men
dead
JOURNALS
Reaching the Americas
The geographic knowledge Christopher
Columbus brought back to Spain changed
European views of the world because he found
continents previously unknown to Europe.
http://www.history.com/topics/exploration/explorati
on-of-north-america
2:08
An Expanding Horizon
• Made three (3) more voyages (see map
next slide), but never brought back
treasures
• Queen was upset with the Native
treatment and not spreading
Christianity
• Spain refused to finance more voyages
• The ocean was no longer seen as a
barrier. It became a “bridge” that
connected Europe.
Vasco da Gama
• Portuguese-sailed for
Portugal
• Opened a new water route
for trade between Europe
and Asia
• 1497-98, the first to travel
around the southern most tip
of Africa, the Cape of Good
Hope and reach India.
Vasco da Gama
• Very profitable voyagereturned with a cargo
of spices and made a
profit of several
thousand percent.
• Died of an illness in
India on December 24,
1524
Vasco da Gama First Voyage 1497–1499
Cape of Good Hope
The Explorers: Christopher Columbus:
Voyager to a New World
in My Content on Disc. Ed.