• Classes:
Biology Chapter 39
Pg 779
Vertebrates -Fish
1. Jawless – hagfish, 783, detritivores
lamprey, 784, some parasites
external fertilization
2. Chondrichthyes – cartilage, internal
fertilization, sharks, rays
3. Osteichthyes – bony fish, external
fertilization, fins 788, swim bladder and
two chambered heart 790
Fish Homeostasis
Pg 782
Freshwater fish – hypertonic,
more salt in body than water, gain
water, lose ions
Saltwater fish – hypotonic, less
salt in body than water, lose water,
gain ions Pg 795 #5,6
Sensory Function
Pg 783
Olfactory Sacs – smell
Lateral Line – sense
vibrations in water
Ornithology - Birds
Chapter 42
Pg 841
Down feathers for warmth
 Countour feathers for flying Pg 859
 Rigid hollow bones for lightweight strength
 Large keel sternum & pectoral muscles for
flying Pg 845
 Endothermic – warmblooded, controlled steady
body temp, requires more energy/oxygen
 Air Sacs that store oxygen Pg 847

Lightweight due to one ovary and no rectum
 Crop in esophagus that stores & moistens food
 Gizzard in stomach to grind food Pg 846
 Four chambered heart to supply required
energy and oxygen Pg 865
 Precocial – can walk and swim after hatching,
ducks, chickens
 Altricial – hatched blind and helpless, tree
nesters Pg 849

Mammals Pg 861
Endothermic
Hair
and mammary glands
4 chambered heart Pg 865
Single jawbone Pg 882 #25
Specialized teeth Pg 883 #6
Types of Mammals Pg 863
1.
2.
3.
Monotremes – oviparous,
platypus, echidna, Australia, Pg 869
Marsupials – viviparous, kangaroo,
opossum, pouch
Placental – viviparous in uterus w/
placenta
Orders of PLACENTAL Mammals
Pg 870
1. Toothless – anteaters, armadillos,
sloths
2. Rodent-like – rabbits
3. Rodents – squirrels, mice, porcupine
4. Flying – bats
5. Insectivores – shrew, hedgehog, mole
6. Carnivores – dogs, cats, seals, sea lions
7. Even-toed hoof – deer, giraffe, pig
8. Odd-toed hoof – horse, rhino
9. Swimming – whales and dolphins
10. Manatees
11.Trunk nosed – elephants
12. Primates – monkeys, humans
KNOW PRIMATE
CHARACTERISTICS PG 875!!!