Triune Brain: D.P. McLean Organized in three strata of evolutionary progression. (ontology and phylogeny) Reptilian brain: ( similar in a ll mam mals) Innate behavioral knowledge: Basic instinctual action tendencies and habits related to primate survival issues. basic motor plans, primitive behavioral responses related to fear, anger and sexuality. Limbic or visceral brain: (small in r eptiles and large in mamm als) Affective Knowledge: Subjective feelings and emotional responses to world events interacting with innate motivational value systems. Programs related to social emotions, maternal acceptance, social bonding, separation distress Mammalian brain (neocortex) : Human neocor.tex is vaster than all other ma mmals. Declarative knowledge: propositional information about world events derived especially from sight, sound and touch Influenced by emotions through appraisal processes. The neocortex can rationally attempt to understand and influence emotions 3/27/2006 The Triune Brain and Emotionality Basal Ganglia - Seen as reptilian core of Triune Brain. Elaborates obligatory behavioral routineselimination, seeking, shelter, hunting, inactivity, some social displays such as courtship, aggression, submission. Neural structures include basal ganglia, substantia nigra, VTA and some amygdaloid nuclei. The Triune Brain and Emotionality Limbic System- Surrounds core reptilian brain and includes limbic cortex, stria terminalis, fornix, olfactory bulbs, amygdala, hippocampus, septal area, preoptic area, hypothalamus, central grey area of midbrain. Intimately associated with viscera. Provides modulation over emotional functions of reptilian brain and helps to generate pro-social emotions such as play, maternal nurturance, separation distress calls, grooming behaviors. The Triune Brain and Emotionality Neomammalian Brain- the 6 layered neocortex which harvests information from the senses and from memory, and processes such information into neural representations of the world. Primary role in emotions seems to be the elaboration of appraisals which trigger emotional responses. BRAIN NEUROHORMONAL SYSTEMS AND EMOTION Amino Acid TransmittersGlutamate-Primordial excitatory NHT. Learning, memory, consciousness. Glycine-Simplest amino acid NHT. Facilitates cognitive activity. GABA-Primordial inhibitory NHT. Exerts local homeostatic control within neuronal circuits. BRAIN NEUROHORMONAL SYSTEMS AND EMOTION Acetylcholine- Attention, Arousal and Memory. It is involved in control of hippocampal and cortical functions, REM sleep, Thalamic information processing. It is also involved in facilitating action tendencies. Dysfunction of system in Alzheimer’s Dementia. BRAIN NEUROHORMONAL SYSTEMS Catecholamines - AND EMOTION Dopamine- Projections from Substantia Nigra and VTA to basal ganglia, limbic system (including hippocampus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, hypothalamus) and prefrontal cortex. Functions to control Psychomotor arousal. Norepinephrine- Widespread Projections from Locus Ceruleus to limbic system, cortex and spinal cord. Functions to control sensory arousal. Epinephrine- secreted as hormone from adrenal medulla and from a few isolated cells in lower brainstem with projections rostrally to hypothalamus. Functions to control metabolic Arousal. Catecholamine Systems and General Function Panksepp, 1998 BRAIN NEUROHORMONAL SYSTEMS AND EMOTION ACH vs Norepinephrine- ACH is the gatekeeper for incoming sensory information to thalamus and cortex. NE functions to change the signal to noise ratio. Increased NE increase processing of specific information that ACH function has already allowed into the thalamus and cortex. BRAIN NEUROHORMONAL SYSTEMS AND EMOTION IndoIeamines Serotonin- Widespread Projections from Raphe Nuclei to limbic system, basal ganglia, neocortex. Increases in 5-HT have been associated with sleep and reductions in motivated behaviors such as feeding, sex, drinking, aggression and play and so has been thought of as the rest and relaxation NHT. This is not wholly accurate as stimulation of different 5-HT receptor subtypes can increase emotionality. Neurotransmitter Systems Panksepp, 1998 Panksepp, 1998 Panksepp, 1998 BRAIN NEUROHORMONAL SYSTEMS AND EMOTION Neuropeptides- Psychobehavioral specificity which is very dose dependent. B-Endorphin - Opioids function to reduce negative emotional arousal and reduce the effect of painful stimuli, inherently pleasurable CRF-effect opposite to B-endorphin in that it is a crucial NHT in the initiation of the general stress response, including behavioral aspects Vassopressin/Oxytocin-Oxytocin promotes the more female behavior pattern of calm nurturance and inhibition of separation distress, while vasopressin promotes the typically male sexual persistence and aggressive assertiveness CCK-Satiety and Panic Neuropeptides and Emotional Responses Panksepp, 1998 OTHER TRANSMITTER SUBSTANCES???? -Gaseous Transmitters Nitric Oxide (NO) Carbon Monoxide (MO) -Neuro Growth Factors Neurexins Netrins Neurotrophins Basic Emotional Systems (Panksepp, 1998) Behavior and Basic Emotional Systems (Panksepp, 1998) Neural Basis of Seeking (Panksepp, 1998) Behavior and Basic Emotional Systems (Panksepp, 1998) (Panksepp, 1998) (Panksepp, 1998) (Panksepp, 1998) Behavior and Basic Emotional Systems (Panksepp, 1998) (Panksepp, 1998) NHTs and Fear Norepinephrine Serotonin Glutamate DBI (BZD Inverse Agonist) CRF Alpha MSH ACTH (Panksepp, 1998) (Panksepp, 1998) Neuropeptides and LUST (Panksepp, 1998) (Panksepp, 1998) (Panksepp, 1998) The Evolution of Neural Systems for Social Affect (Panksepp, 1998) Neuropeptides and Emotional Responses Panksepp, 1998 Behavior and Basic Emotional Systems panic • This is what happens with separation from others like one self. • *insight into depression and panic attacks • Social bonds evolve as parents provided young children with food, shelter, water and warmth. Bonding and distress • Rene Spitz (1940’s)-evaluated babies in orphanages. – Human babies failed to thrive, and some even died, when they failed to receive physical affection, even though they received adequate physical care. • All mammals inherit psychobehavioral systems to mediate social bonding as well as various other social emotions ranging from intense attraction to separation induced despair. Bonding and loss • Social bonding probably goes hand in hand with grief, loneliness and other feelings of social loss. • Since infants remain quite helpless for amounts of time after birth, it seems reasonable that they would evolve strong systems for signaling separation distress and soliciting and sustaining parental care. Neurochemistry of panic • Neuroanatomical areas involved in DV are locations with CRF and B-endorphin systems. – CRF increases distress vocalizations. – Glutamate angonists (for NMDA and Kainate receptor subtypes) initiate DVs--this response can be evoked even is animal is with social companions. – Neuropeptides that relieve DV’s include Bendorphins, prolactin and oxytocin. • Panic and fear system are distinct in that benzodiazepines reduce fear but not distress calls, while opiates are good at reducing DV’s but not fear behaviors. Panksepp, 1998 Chronic arousal of panic system • Chronic arousal has long erm psychosocial consequences. • Persistent stress of social isolation (accompanying over responsiveness of HPA axis) may eventually contribute to the despair and depression that follow social loss and/or long term separation. Harlow’s Monkeys • Isolated Rhesus monkey babies will seek any comfort they can, clinging to surrogate mothers without food but covered in terry cloth as opposed to wire mothers with ample food. • Female monkeys (reared this way) were very poor mothers, especially with first born. Their behaviors were timid, emotionally over excitable. • No type of conventional therapy (not drugs) provided any long-lasting restoration of normal social function. • The most effective approach was exposure to much younger mondeys as they provoked safe and playful social interactions which drew the isolates out of Panksepp, 1998 Panksepp, 1998 Epigenesis – a phenomenon is a mixture of nature and nurture Learning – process by which experience changes the brain Memories – actual changes in the brain Neurodevelopment – activity dependent realization of neuronal potential Sensitive/Critical Periods - neurodevelopment is often temporally constrained, as many neural connections pass through (a) periods whereby their capacity of adjustment is substantially greater than it will be in the adult brain .