Chapter 10 Review
A) Hunger Motivation
1. Lateral hypothalamus
- Damage causes hunger to decrease
- Stimulation causes hunger to
increase
2. Ventromedial hypothalamus
- Feeling with being full
- Damage would cause hunger to
increase
- Stimulating causes hunger to
decrease
3. Paraventricular nucleus
- Neurons around the hypothalamus
4. Ghrelin
- Neurotransmitter & hormone
- Ghrelin increases, hunger
increases
5. Glucostatic theory
- Glucose is monitored by the brain
- Blood sugar decreases hunger
rises
6. Insulin and leptin levels
- Insulin increases, hunger increases
(studies show insulin rises from
the smell and taste of food)
- Leptin hormone released from fat
cells into bloodstream believed to
signal hypothalamus about fat
stores in the body, causing
decreases in hunger when fat
stores are high
7. Conditioned hunger
- We eat what we are exposed…if
what we are exposed to is then
exposed to us, our motivation to
eat increases
- Same with time, cues and effort..
all affect our motivation
8. Stress
- May either increase our
motivation to eat or decrease it
9. Body mass index
- BMI weight (in kilograms) divided
by height (in meters) squared
- Obesity is when you exceed your
ideal body weight by 20% or more
10. Obesity
- considered obese if you are 20%
over your ideal body weight
- Obesity has often been described
as a state of “leptin resistance”- i.e.
despite having elevated circulation
levels of leptin, an adipocytederived “appetite inhibitor”, obese
patients continue to consume
calories in excess of their
metabolic needs
11. Set point
- We each have an ideal weight
- Settling point theory: weight
remains stable as long as there are
no durable changes in any of the
factors that influence it
B) Sexual Motivation
1. Estrogens
- Higher in females
- Help with the development of the
reproductive system
2. Androgens
- Higher in males
- Help with the development of
reproductive system (support the
testosterone)
- Higher the androgens the higher
the sexual motivation
- Become low in females a little
before or after menopause
3. Testosterone
- Higher in males
- Help with the development of
reproductive system
- Higher the testosterone the higher
the sexual motivation
4. Pheromones
- Chemical secreted by one animal
that affects the behavior of
another, usually detected through
sense of smell
- Example women’s menstrual cycle
5. Sexual orientation continuum
- 7 point scale
- Homosexuals & heterosexuals are
at the end points of the continuum
- Many who define themselves as
home or hetero have had an
experience on the other end
- Lesbian and bisexual women
sexual orientation are more
shaped, less likely to trace back to
when they are young
6. Theories of homosexuality
- Environmental: homosexuality
occurs when same sex stimuli has
been paired with arousal
- Biological: trace back to genetics.
Hypothalamus in gay men 50%
smaller than in straight men
- Interactionist: trace back to
genetics and prenatal hormones
7. Excitement
- Initial arousal…muscle tension,
respiration, heart rate increase,
blood pressure increases
8. Plateau
- Physiological arousal continues to
build, but at a slower pace.
9. Orgasm
- Arousal reaches its peak, intensity
and is discharged in a series of
muscular contractions that pulsate
through the pelvic area
Very similar experience for both
male and females
- Women may be multi-orgasmic
but harder to reach an orgasm b/c
of the emphasis that they place on
the quality of their relationship
10. Resolution
- When physiological arousal
decreases
11. Refractory period
- Within the resolution stage
- Men experience this stage, this is
when they are largely
unresponsive to further
stimulation. This may last for a few
minutes to hours (increases with
age)
-
C) Motivation to Achievement
1. Situational influences
- Motivation increases when
probability of success and
incentive value of success are high
- Motivation to pursue achievement
influenced by fear of failure
2. Thematic Apperception Test
- Used to measure affiliation and
achievement- requires a subject to
write or tell stories about what is
happening in pictures of people in
ambiguous success
- Reveals a subjects personality
even though the test is very vague
D) Emotions
1. Subjective conscious experience
- Type of emotional treatment
(cognitive)
- Emotions are not objective so how
do we describe them?
2. Affective forecasting
- We are not very good at
anticipating the intensity of our
emotional responses “affective
forecasting” is when we predict
ones emotional reactions to future
events
3. Positive psychology
- Cognitive psychologists used to
focus on negative psychology
(weakness, suffering) now
advocating for positive psychology
(contentment, well-being, human
strength and positive emotion.
- Cognitive dissonance theory: we
are motivated to reduce our
tensions that are produced by
inconsistent thoughts
4. Physiological component
- Type of emotional treatment
- Bodily (autonomic) arousal: heart
rate, blood pressure, pupils etc.
5. Behavioral component (over
expressions)
- Type of emotional treatment
- Characteristics of over responses
i.e. Body language and facial
expressions
- 6 basic emotions that are cross
cultural…happy, sad, angry,
disgust, fear and surprise
- Galvanis skin response (GSR):
sweat glands increase activity of
skin
6. Facial feedback hypothesis
- Facial expressions send signals to
the brain then brain recognizes
emotion
7. Socially engaging emotions
- Sympathy, guilt, friendliness
- Eastern cultures stress this
8. Socially disengaging emotions
- North America stress these
- Pride and anger
9. James-lange theory
- Feel emotion because of
autonomic arousal
10. Cannon-bard theory
- Thalamus sends signals
simultaneously to cortex and
autonomic system
- Creates conscious experience and
arousal
11. Schacter’s Two factory theory
- You feel autonomic arousal and
look around to see why
- You may misinterpret what is
causing your arousal
- We put a cognitive label on our
physiological changes (ie. I see a
snake, therefore I am fearful
because the snake is causing my
heart beat to rise)
12. Evolutionary theory
- Emotions are innate reactions that
require little cognitive
interpretation
13. Happiness
- Subjective not objective
- Know what is highly, moderately
and uncorrelated to happiness
14. Hedonic adaptation
- Occurs when the mental scale that
people use to judge their
pleasantness/unpleasantness of
their experience shifts to their
neutral point or baseline for
comparison changes
- When peoples experiences
improve, their neutral point moves
upward so that improvements
yield no real benefits
E) Names
1. Sigmund Freud
- Know his theory on homosexuality
2. Masters & Johnson
- Came up with the 4 stages within
sexual intercourse described
above
F) Misc
1. Motives
- Wants, needs and desires that
affect our behaviors
2. Drive theories
- This internal tension
(homeostasis) is the basis for
motivation b/c they want to
reduce tension
3. Incentive theories
- External stimuli causes motivation
4. Coolidge effect
- New sexual partner reviving
sexual interests
5. 6 basic emotions understood &
expressed similarly by all cultures
- Sad, happy, angry, surprise,
disgust, and fear
- This supports the findings that
some emotions are innate
6. galvanic skin response
- an increase in the electrical
conductivity of the skin that occurs
when sweat glands increase their
activity
- form of autonomic arousal / a
response to emotion
7. opponent process theory of emotions
- A theory suggested by Solomon
where emotional reactions to a
stimulus are followed by opposite
emotional reactions. This theory may
explain why stunt people enjoy their
work. First the individual will feel
intense anxiety before performing a
stunt and then the person will receive
an opposite reaction of relief after the
stunt is completed.
- also says that repeated exposure
to the stimulus will cause less of an
initial reaction. This may explain why
drugs, such as opiates, give
diminishing returns after prolonged
use yet the effects of withdraw
become more intensified and
unpleasant.