Fungi and plants Fungi • Cheese, bread, mushroom Characteristics of fungi • • • • • Eukaryote Heterotroph Cell wall is present Do not contain chlorophyll Different from other organisms and placed in a separate kingdom Fungi Shapes and appearance Obtaining food • • • • Heterotrophs Decomposers (organic matter) Some are parasites Some live in mutualistic relationship (mycorrhiza) Structure • Some fungi are unicellular, others are multicellular • Multicellular fungi have threads / chains of cells called as hyphae • Hyphae grow together to form a mass known as mycelium Structure Making more fungi • Asexual – Hyphae break and form new fungus – Asexual spores • Sexual – Spores are formed from sex cells – Spores are dispersed and generate new fungi Kinds of fungi • Classification based on shape and the mode of reproduction Kinds of fungi • Thread-like fungi – Bread mold Kinds of fungi • Sac fungi – Yeast, mildew, morels Kinds of fungi • Sac fungi Kinds of fungi • Club fungi – Mushrooms Kinds of fungi • Club fungi Kinds of fungi • Non mushroom club fungi – Bracket fungi, rust, smut Kinds of fungi • Imperfect fungi – Do not fit in other categories – Penicillium, athlete’s foot Lichens • • • • Association of fungi with algae Unlike fungi, lichens are producers Found in variety of environments Soil fertility and colonization Lichens Lichens Plants Plants • • • • • • Eukaryotes Multicellular Autotrophic Cells are surrounded by a cell wall – cellulose Contain chlorophyll Producers in the ecosystem Characteristics of plants • Photosynthesis – Plants make food (glucose) and oxygen by utilizing carbon dioxide and water. Energy for this process is obtained from sunlight Characteristics of plants • Cuticle – – – – Waxy layer that coats the surfaces Prevents loss of water Vary in thickness Depend on climate and environment Characteristics of plants • Cell wall – Outermost layer of the cell – Made up of cellulose – Supports and protect the cell Characteristics of plants • Cell wall Characteristics of plants • Reproduction – Sporophyte – produce spores – Gametophyte – produce gametes Characteristics of plants • Transport of materials – Xylem – a tissue that transports water – Phloem – a tissue that transports food – Collectively called as vascular tissues – Some plants lack vascular tissue Classification of plants • Non-vascular plants – – – – Lack vascular tissue Small in size Movement through diffusion E.g. mosses, liverworts, hornworts Classification of plants • Vascular plants – – – – – Contain vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) Relatively larger in size May be seedless plants or seed plants i) seedless plants – donot produce seeds e.g. ferns, horsetails ii) seed plants – produce seeds, divided into two groups • Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms) seeds not inside fruit e.g. pine • Flowering plants (Angiosperms) seeds inside the fruits e.g. mango Classification of plants Seedless plants • Non-vascular – Moses, liverworts – Small plants - Leafy stalks and rhizoids Seedless plants • Non-vascular – – – – Importance Colonization Decomposition and fertility Prevent erosion – Sphagnum moss • • • • Increase water holding capacity of soil Prevent microbial growth (wound dressing, seed shipment) Dried (insulating material) Monitoring environment Seedless plants • Vascular plants – Ferns Seedless plants • Vascular plants – Importance – Soil formation, prevent erosion – Contribution to fossil fuels – Fiddlehead fern Seed Plants • Characteristics – Produce seeds – Gametophytes are small – Pollens and pollination Seed Plants • Seeds – Young plant, seed coat, stored food Seed Plants • Seeds • how animals help seeds grow? Seed Plants • Gymnosperms – – – – – Don’t have flowers or fruits Conifers, ginkgoes etc. Used for wood Produce resin Drugs Seed Plants • Gymnos perms Seed Plants • Gymnosperms – life cycle Seed Plants • Angiosperms – Produce flowers and fruits – Monocots and dicots Seed Plants • Angiosperms – – – – – – – Food, fruits, crops Wood Habitat Seeds and oils Ornamental Medicine and pharmaceutical products Rubber, cotton, fabric, industrial products • Compare life cycle of plants with those of bacteria, protists and fungi