Fungi and plants
Fungi
• Cheese, bread, mushroom
Characteristics of fungi
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Eukaryote
Heterotroph
Cell wall is present
Do not contain chlorophyll
Different from other organisms and placed in
a separate kingdom Fungi
Shapes and appearance
Obtaining food
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Heterotrophs
Decomposers (organic matter)
Some are parasites
Some live in mutualistic relationship
(mycorrhiza)
Structure
• Some fungi are unicellular, others are multicellular
• Multicellular fungi have threads / chains of cells
called as hyphae
• Hyphae grow together to form a mass known as
mycelium
Structure
Making more fungi
• Asexual
– Hyphae break and form new fungus
– Asexual spores
• Sexual
– Spores are formed from sex cells
– Spores are dispersed and generate new
fungi
Kinds of fungi
• Classification based on shape and the mode of
reproduction
Kinds of fungi
• Thread-like fungi
– Bread mold
Kinds of fungi
• Sac fungi
– Yeast, mildew, morels
Kinds of fungi
• Sac fungi
Kinds of fungi
• Club fungi
– Mushrooms
Kinds of fungi
• Club fungi
Kinds of fungi
• Non mushroom club fungi
– Bracket fungi, rust, smut
Kinds of fungi
• Imperfect fungi
– Do not fit in other categories
– Penicillium, athlete’s foot
Lichens
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Association of fungi with algae
Unlike fungi, lichens are producers
Found in variety of environments
Soil fertility and colonization
Lichens
Lichens
Plants
Plants
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Eukaryotes
Multicellular
Autotrophic
Cells are surrounded by a cell wall – cellulose
Contain chlorophyll
Producers in the ecosystem
Characteristics of plants
• Photosynthesis
– Plants make food (glucose) and oxygen by utilizing carbon
dioxide and water. Energy for this process is obtained from
sunlight
Characteristics of plants
• Cuticle
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Waxy layer that coats the surfaces
Prevents loss of water
Vary in thickness
Depend on climate and environment
Characteristics of plants
• Cell wall
– Outermost layer of the cell
– Made up of cellulose
– Supports and protect the cell
Characteristics of plants
• Cell wall
Characteristics of plants
• Reproduction
– Sporophyte – produce spores
– Gametophyte – produce gametes
Characteristics of plants
• Transport of materials
– Xylem – a tissue that transports water
– Phloem – a tissue that transports food
– Collectively called as vascular tissues
– Some plants lack vascular tissue
Classification of plants
• Non-vascular plants
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Lack vascular tissue
Small in size
Movement through diffusion
E.g. mosses, liverworts, hornworts
Classification of plants
• Vascular plants
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Contain vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
Relatively larger in size
May be seedless plants or seed plants
i) seedless plants – donot produce seeds e.g. ferns, horsetails
ii) seed plants – produce seeds, divided into two groups
• Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms) seeds not inside fruit e.g. pine
• Flowering plants (Angiosperms) seeds inside the fruits e.g. mango
Classification of plants
Seedless plants
• Non-vascular
– Moses, liverworts
– Small plants
- Leafy stalks and rhizoids
Seedless plants
• Non-vascular
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Importance
Colonization
Decomposition and fertility
Prevent erosion
– Sphagnum moss
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Increase water holding capacity of soil
Prevent microbial growth (wound dressing, seed shipment)
Dried (insulating material)
Monitoring environment
Seedless plants
• Vascular plants
– Ferns
Seedless plants
• Vascular plants
– Importance
– Soil formation, prevent erosion
– Contribution to fossil fuels
– Fiddlehead fern
Seed Plants
• Characteristics
– Produce seeds
– Gametophytes are small
– Pollens and pollination
Seed Plants
• Seeds
– Young plant, seed coat, stored food
Seed Plants
• Seeds
• how animals help seeds grow?
Seed Plants
• Gymnosperms
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Don’t have flowers or fruits
Conifers, ginkgoes etc.
Used for wood
Produce resin
Drugs
Seed Plants
• Gymnos
perms
Seed Plants
• Gymnosperms – life cycle
Seed Plants
• Angiosperms
– Produce flowers and fruits
– Monocots and dicots
Seed Plants
• Angiosperms
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Food, fruits, crops
Wood
Habitat
Seeds and oils
Ornamental
Medicine and pharmaceutical products
Rubber, cotton, fabric, industrial products
• Compare life cycle of plants with those of
bacteria, protists and fungi