Chapter 8
Motivation and Emotion
Motivation
The biological, emotional, cognitive, or social
forces that activate and direct behavior
Instinct Theory
The view that certain human behaviors are
innate and due to evolutionary
programming.
Drive Theories
The view that behavior is motivated by the
desire to reduce internal tension caused by
unmet biological needs
Homeostasis
The idea that the body monitors and maintains
internal states, such as body temperature
and energy supplies, at relatively constant
levels; in general, the tendency to reach or
maintain equilibrium
Drive
A need or internal motivational state that
activates behavior to reduce the need and
restore homeostasis
Incentive theories
The view that behavior is motivated by the
pull of external goals. Such as rewards
Arousal theory
The view that people are motivated to
maintain an optimal level of arousal that is
neither to high nor too low
Sensation seeking
The degree to which an individual is
motivated to experience high levels of
sensory and physical arousal associated
with varied and novel activities
Humanistic Theories of
motivation
The view that emphasizes the importance of
psychological and cognitive factors in
motivation, especially the notion that people
are motivated to realize their personal
potential
Glucose
Simple sugar that provides energy and is
primarily produced by the conversion of
carbohydrates and fats; commonly called
blood sugar
Insulin
Hormone produced by the pancreas that
regulates blood levels of glucose and
signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger
and eating behavior
Basal Metabolic Rate
When the body is at rest, the rate at which it
uses energy for vital functions, such as
heartbeat and respiration
Adipose tissue
Body fat that is the main source of stored, or
reserve, energy
Energy homeostasis
The long-term matching of food intake to
energy expenditure
Positive incentive value
in eating behavior, the anticipated pleasure
of consuming a particular food, in general,
the expectation of pleasure or satisfaction in
performing a particular behavior
Satiation
In eating behavior, the feeling of fullness and
diminished desire to eat that accompanies
eating a meal; in general, the sensation of
having an appetite or desire fully or
excessively satisfied
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Hormone secreted primarily by the small
intestines that promotes satiation; also
found in the brain
Sensory-specific satiety
the reduced desire to continue consuming a
particular food
Leptin
The hormone produced by fat cells that
signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger
and eating behaviors
Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
Neurotransmitter found in several brain areas,
most notably the hypothalamus, that
stimulates eating behavior and reduces
metabolism, promoting positive energy
balance, and weight gain
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
(CRH)
Hormone manufactured primarily in the
hypothalamus that reduces eating behavior
and increase metabolism, promoting
negative energy balance and weight loss
Set-point theory
Theory that proposes that humans and other
animals have a natural, or optimal body
weight, called the set-point weight, that the
body defends from becoming higher or
lower by regulating feelings of hunger and
body metabolism
Settling-point models of weight
regulation
General model of weight regulation
suggesting that body weight settles, or
stabilizes, around the point at which there is
balance between the factors influencing
energy intake and energy expenditure
Body Mass Index
A numerical scale indicating adult height in
regulation to weight; calculated as:
(704.5 x weight in pounds)
(height in inches)2
Obese
Condition characterized by excessive body fat
and a body mass index equal to or greater
then 30.0.
Cafeteria Diet Effect
The tendency to eat more when a wide variety
of palatable foods is available
Leptin resistance
A condition in which higher-than-normal
blood levels of the hormone leptin do not
produce the expected psychological
response
Weight cycling
Repeated cycles of dieting, weigth loss, and
weight regain
Eating disorder
A category of mental disorders characterized
by severe disturbances in eating behavior
Anorexia nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by excessive
weight loss, an irrational fear of gaining
weight, and distorted body self-perception
Bulimia Nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by binges of
extreme overeating followed by self
induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives or
other inappropriate methods to purge the
excessive food and prevent weight gain
Binge-Eating Disorder
A proposed category of eating disorder
characterized by recurring episodes of binge
eating that are not followed by purging
Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow’s hierarchical division of motivation
into levels that progress from basic physical
needs to psychological needs to selffulfillment needs.
Self-actualization
Defined by Maslow as a person’s “full use
and explication of talents, capacities and
potentialities.
Self-determination Theory (SDT)
Edward Deci and Richard Ryan’s theory that
optimal human functioning can occur only
if the psychological needs for autonomy,
competence, and relatedness are satisfied
Intrinsic Motivation
Behavior motivated by the desire to engage in
tasks that the person fins inherently
satisfying and enjoyable, novel, or
optimally challenging; the desire to do
something for its own sake
Extrinsic Motivation
Behavior motivated by external factors or
influences, such as rewards, consequences,
or social expectations
Competence Motivation
Motivated behavior directed toward
demonstrating competence and exercising
control in a situation
Achievement Motivation
Motivated behavior directed toward
excelling, succeeding, or outperforming
others at a task
Thematic Apperception Test
A projective test developed by Henry Murray
and his colleagues that involves creating
stories about ambiguous scenes that can be
interpreted in a variety of ways.
Emotion
A complex psychological state that involves
subjective experience, a physiological
response, and a behavior or expressive
response
Emotional Intelligence
The capacity to understand and manage your
own emotional experiences and to perceive,
comprehend, and respond appropriately to
the emotional responses of others.
Basic Emotions
the most fundamental set of emotion
categories, which are biologically innate,
evolutionary determined, and culturally
universal.
Interpersonal Engagement
Emotion dimension reflecting the degree to
which emotions involve a relationship with
another person or other people.
Amygdala
almond shaped cluster of neurons in the
brain’s temporal lobe, involved in memory
and emotional responses, especially fear.
Brain finger-printing
technique to detect lies or deception, which
uses an EEG to analyze brain waves;
determines whether a stimulus is familiar or
unfamiliar
Display Rules
Social and cultural rules that regulate
emotional expression, especially facial
expressions
Anthropomorphism
The attribution of human traits, motives,
emotions, or behaviors to nonhuman or
animals or innate objects
James-Lange Theory of emotions
The theory that emotions arise from the
perception of body changes
Cannon-Bard Theory of emotions
The theory that emotions arise from the
simultaneous activation of the sympathetic
nervous system, which causes physical
arousal, and the cortex, which causes the
subjective experience of emotion
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
The view that expressing a specific emotion,
especially facially, causes the subjective
experience of that emotion
Two-factor of emotion
Schacther and Singer’s theory that emotion is
the interaction of physiological arousal and
the cognitive label that we apply to explain
the arousal
Cognitive-mediational Theory of
Emotion
Lazarus’s theory that emotions results from
the cognitive appraisal of a situation’s effect
on personal well-being
Self-efficacy
the degree to which a person is convinced of
his or her ability to effectively meet the
demands of a particular situation
PEOPLE
Walter Cannon
American physiologist who developed an
influential theory of emotion called the
Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion
Charles Darwin
English naturalist and scientist whose theory
of evolution through natural selection was
first published in On the Origin of the
Species by Means of Natural Selection in
1859
Edward Deci
American psychologist who, along with
Richard M. Ryan, developed selfdetermination theory, which contends that
optimal psychological functioning and
growth can occur only if the psychological
needs of autonomy, competence, and
relatedness are satisfied.
Paul Ekman
American psychologist and emotion
researcher who is best known for his work
in classifying basic emotions, analyzing
facial expressions, and demonstrating that
basic emotions and facial expressions are
culturally universal
William James
American psychologist who developed an
influential theory of emotion called the
James-Lang Theory
Richard Lazarus
American psychologist who promoted the
cognitive perspective in the study of
emotion, proposed the cognitivemediational theory of emotion
Abraham Maslow
American psychologist and a founder of
humanistic psychology who developed a
hierarchical model of human motivation in
which basic needs must be satisfied before
people can strive for self-actualization
Richard M. Ryan
American psychologist who, developed selfdetermination theory.