Chapter 8
Motivation and Emotion
Learning Objectives
Introduction: Motivation and Emotion, pp. 320–321
1.
Define motivation, and describe the three characteristics associated with motivation.
Motivational Concepts and Theories, pp. 321–324
2.
Discuss the major theories of motivation, and specify the limitations of each theory.
3.
Describe the concept of drive, and explain how it is related to homeostasis.
Biological Motivation: Hunger and Eating, pp. 325–337
4.
Describe energy homeostasis, and explain the difference between positive and negative energy balance.
5.
Identify short-term signals that regulate eating, and explain how each signal influences motivation to start or stop
eating.
6.
Identify four chemical signals involved in the long-term regulation of eating behavior, and describe how they
fluctuate in response to positive versus negative energy balance.
7.
Compare and contrast set-point and settling-point theories of body weight regulation over the lifespan.
8.
Discuss the prevalence of overweight and obese people in the U.S. and other countries.
9.
Discuss the factors contributing to people becoming overweight, including possibly evolutionary influences.
10.
Identify the factors involved in obesity, including the role of dopamine brain receptors.
11.
Describe the symptoms, characteristics, and causes of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
Psychological Needs as Motivators, pp. 338–343
12.
Explain how Maslow’s hierarchy of needs accounts for motivation, and describe the qualities that characterize selfactualized people.
13.
Describe the key ideas of self-determination theory, and discuss the differences between intrinsic and extrinsic
motivation.
14.
Compare and contrast competence and achievement motivation, noting cultural differences.
15.
Discuss the basic premise behind the use of subliminal self-help tapes, and the scientific research on their
effectiveness.
Emotion, pp. 344–355
16.
Identify the three components of emotion, and discuss the functions of emotions, including Darwin’s contention that
emotions reflect evolutionary adaptations.
17.
Identify the basic emotions, and discuss individual and cultural differences involved in the subjective experience of
emotions.
18.
Discuss the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the experience of intense emotions, including the fight-or-flight
response.
19.
Describe the two brain pathways involved in triggering fear, how they differ, and their evolutionary significance.
20.
Discuss the polygraph, microexpressions, and brain fingerprinting as techniques to detect lies.
21.
Summarize the PET scan evidence suggesting that different emotions activate different brain areas.
22.
Discuss the idea that facial expressions of basic emotions are innate, and explain how facial expressions are affected
by cultural display rules.
23.
Define anthropomorphism, and discuss the idea that nonhuman animals experience emotion.
Theories of Emotion: Explaining Emotion, pp. 356–360
24.
Compare and contrast the major theories of emotion, and explain the facial feedback hypothesis.
Application: Turning Your Goals into Reality, pp. 361-362
25.
Define self-efficacy, and identify different ways to strengthen your sense of self-efficacy.
26.
Discuss how to create and use implementation intentions to help achieve your goals.