CONSTITUTIONALISM &
REPUBLICS
APEH, chapter 16
Bellringer

On a separate sheet of paper…
 Summarize
how the Netherland’s gained their
independence
 List four things you know about the development of
England
Golden Age of Dutch Republic

United Provinces of Netherlands became core of
modern Dutch state in 1581
Officially recognized in Treaty of Westphalia in 1648
 Wealthy thanks to Atlantic trade


With independence came internal dissension
Each province had a
(official) responsible for
leading an army and attending States General
 States General-weakened during wars with France &
England


17th Century wars saw economic decline for Dutch
How did Dutch spend new wealth?

Amsterdam made money from fishing and transporting
other countries’ goods
draft ship of large capacity

Amsterdam became commercial capital of Europe
Built canals
 Tall, narrow fronted houses along canals
 Became crossroads


Manufacturers, shipyard owners, merchants became top
society

Wealthy burghers began to shed Calvinist ways by end of
17th century
ENGLAND

Elizabeth died with no heir



Mary Queen of Scots (Elizabeth’s cousin)
was put to death for trying to overthrow
Elizabeth
Her son was King of Scotland (James I)
James I (1603-1625)
 First Stuart to rule
 Believed firmly in DIVINE RIGHT
and ABSOLUTE MONARCHY
 Trouble with Parliament
 Country in debt, viewed as
“outsider” from Scotland
James I

Parliament was use to ruling with
a “balanced polity”

refused to give money to James
: strict Calvinists
demanding further reform from
Church of England, take power
away from Church officials
 James
I sees Puritans as threat
 Refuses most requests of reforms
: wealthy landowners,
also Puritans and large part of
House of Commons
ENGLAND

Charles I (1625-1649)
 Popular
until marrying a Catholic
Princess, Louis XIII’s sister, Henrietta
 Requested money from Parliament
 Parliament refuses unless Charles I
signs:
: placed limits on
king’s power
 King can not levy taxes without
consent of Parliament
 Direct Challenge to Absolutism
Charles I




At first he acquiesced
Taxed without permission
Dismisses Parliament when they
become outraged
1629-1640: Charles ruled
without Parliament
 Gentry
opposed attempts to
raise taxes without parliament

Added MORE ritual to church
ceremonies- angering puritans
ENGLAND


1640: Charles I in debt thanks to
rebellions in Scotland
 Has to reconvene Parliament to
ask for money
Long Parliament – didn’t disband for
20 years
 Limitation on royal authority
 Triennial Act- Parliament must
meet at least once every three
years
ENGLAND


Puritans moved to abolish the appointment of bishops
in Anglican Church
Charles I led troops into House of Commons to arrest
Puritan leaders for Treason
 Already




escaped
Charles’ intentions shown: to take back power
Parliament rises up against king
Charles I supported by people
1642: Civil War began!
English Civil War (1642-1646)


ROYALISTS: nobles who
supported king
ROUNDHEADS: supporters of
Parliament
 Puritans
(New Model Army)
 Merchants, some upper classes
 Led by: OLIVER CROMWELL
ENGLAND

Royalist Army outmatched
 1646,


surrender
Phase Two begins when
Charles flees
Oliver Cromwell dismisses
all Parliament members
who disagree with him
 “Rump
Parliament”
ENGLAND



Rump Parliament tries Charles I
for treason
Charles refuses to recognize
Parliament’s authority
1649: Found guilty, Executed in
front of own palace
Lord Protector Cromwell (1649-1653)



House of Commons outlaws House
of Lords and Monarchy
England becomes a
Commonwealth
Cromwell: “Lord Protector of
England, Scotland, Ireland”
 Demanded
complete obedience
demanded freedom of
speech, religious toleration,
democratic republic
ENGLAND

RESTORATION
 Cromwell
dies, son weak leader
 Parliament reconvenes and vote to
bring back monarchy
 1660: Parliament invites Charles’ son
to be king
Restoration & Charles II
 Charles
II (1660-1685)
 Supported
religious
toleration
 Habeas
Corpus Act of
1679
 “may
you have body”
 Guarantees
right to
appear in court to
see if accused should
be held or released
Charles being presented the first pineapple
grown in England
Columbian Exchange!
ENGLAND

JAMES II
 Charles
II brother
 Had two protestant daughters, Mary
and Anne
 1688: James and second wife gave
birth to a Catholic son!
 GLORIOUS REVOLUTION
 1688:
Nobles invited James’ daughter
Mary and her husband William of
Orange to become King & Queen
Glorious Revolution
William and Mary
Had to sign:
: prevents
monarchs from
levying taxes without
Parliament’s consent
Creating a:
monarchy limited by
law
Response to Revolution
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

Alarmed by revolutionary
upheavals
(1651)


people are guided by
animalistic interests
Government’s role is to be
a Leviathan- large sea
monster- an absolute,
sovereign authority needed
to suppress evil
John Locke (1632-1794)

Argued against absolute
rule



Humans have inalienable
rights- life, liberty, property
Government is meant to
protect rights
If government doesn’t live up
to obligations the People have
the right o rebel