AKINS HIGH SCHOOL
World History
Room 167
Tutorials: T ~ F; 8:20 ~ 8:50
The Korean War Memorial, Washington, D.C.
TODAY’s OBJECTIVES:
• Trace the course and consequences of the Korean War.
• Summarize the causes and events of the Vietnam War and describe its aftermath.
• Describe the actions of Pol Pot and his Khmer Rouge in Cambodia.
AGENDA:
Please put your CH 32 Homework in the Tray and begin today’s Warm-up!
• WARM-UP, Examine Textbook map, p. 867 and answer the two questions.
• LECTURE / DISCUSSION of homework CH 33, Section 3; p. 5 in packet.
• QUIZ over Sections 1 - 3
ASSIGNMENT for NEXT TIME:
• Read CH 33, Section 4 - 5, Complete pp. 6 – 7 in packet.
•REMINDER: CH 33 TEST is WEDNESDAY
CH 33: Section 3 – “Setting the Stage” Text p. 866; Packet p. 6
U.S.S.R
.
KOREA:
The Initial Causes of War
“When World War II ended,
Korea became a divided nation.
38th parallel
/
North of the 38th parallel,
• Japanese forces in Korea surrendered
to the Soviets.
South of this line,
• Japanese surrendered
to the Americans.
As in Germany, two nations then developed.
One was the Communist in the industrial
north.
The other was non-Communist (democratic)
in the rural south.”
Textbook, p. 867
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
CH 33: Section 3 – “Setting the Stage” Text p. 866; Packet p. 6
U.S.S.R
.
January, 1950: The U. S. Secretary of State
spoke at the National Press club and listed
Asian countries the United States would
defend with military force. Surprisingly,
South Korea was not on the list.
In fact, the United States had by now
recalled its military from South Korea,
leaving only 472 officers and men to work
with the ROK (South Korean army) who
were provided light weapons to defend
themselves.
Aware of this, Kim Il Sung of North Korea
decided he had a perfect opportunity to now
unite all of Korea by force.
Stalin, of the Communist U.S.S.R., and
Mao, of Communist China, agreed.
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
CH 33: Section 3 – “Standoff at the 38th Parallel” Text p. 866; Packet p. 6
KIM IL SUNG
The Soviet Union chose this former guerrilla fighter to be the leader of
the northern part of Korea.
In 1949, he became chairman of the Communist Korean Workers' Party.
In 1950, he decides to invade South Korea and attempt unification.
JOSEPH STALIN
Dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union)
from 1929 until 1953 when he died after a brain hemorrhage.
Stalin, whose troops still occupied northern Korea after World War II, supported
Sung’s Communist North Korean forces invading South Korea.
HARRY TRUMAN
President of the United States from 1945 until 1953.
He viewed Stalin and Sung’s aggressive actions in South Korea as repeating
what Hitler, Mussolini and Japan had done in the 1930s and believed his policy
of “containment” was being put to the test.
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
War in Korea
1. Why did the UN send an international force to Korea?
“Invasion”
June 25, 1950, pre-dawn hours: North Korea
June-September 1950 sent an invasion force across the 38th parallel
into South Korea. Northern forces rapidly
advanced southward against the ill-equipped
defenders, taking the Southern capital Seoul
three days after the invasion began. The
United Nations condemns North Korea's
attack.
The Soviet Union, Pyongyang's mentor, was
boycotting the U.N. Security Council at the
time -- and was thus unable to veto the
council's condemnation. After a formal
request made by South Korea,
the new U.N. authorized
an international force
to help defend South Korea.
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
War in Korea
“Invasion”
June-September 1950
June 25, 1950
The first
Secretary-General
of the new
United Nations
Trygve Lie
addressed North Korea’s actions in this way,
"This is war against the United Nations."
June 27, 1950
U. S. President Harry S. Truman
orders the Navy and
Air Force to help
South Korea
and deploys
the 7th Fleet to waters off Taiwan to
“contain” the spread of the conflict to other
Far East waters.
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
President Truman in the Cabinet Room
of the White House soon after the
decision was made to go to war in
Korea.
Below: Truman then met with
Douglas MacArthur –
the American general who led U.N.
forces in the Korean war
– on Wake Island
to discuss the “police action” in Korea.
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
War in Korea
“Invasion”
June-September 1950
The United States
led the U.N. force
in the so-called
"police action"
against North Korea.
Four U.S. divisions, rushed to the Korean
peninsula to stop the Northern attack, could
do little against a superior force. The U.N.
forces were soon forced back to a perimeter
around the southern port city of Pusan by
early August.
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
A soldier comforts
a grief-stricken
American infantryman
whose buddy was killed
in action
near Haktong-ni, Korea,
in 1950.
In the background,
a corpsman
methodically fills out casualty tags.
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
War in Korea
COUNTER-ATTACK
September-October 1950
U.N. forces,
under the command of
U.S. Gen. Douglas MacArthur,
landed at the port of Inchon
near Seoul on September 15, 1950.
The landing cut off much of the North
Korean army, which was attempting to
force a way into the Pusan Perimeter.
U.N. forces, breaking out from Pusan and
coming south from Inchon, were able to
overwhelm the Northern troops in South
Korea.
Seoul was taken by U.N. forces on
September 26.
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
War in Korea
COUNTER-ATTACK
September-October 1950
U.N. forces moved north of the 38th
parallel, captured the Northern capital
Pyongyang on October 19.
Despite warnings from China that it would
not accept the presence of U.N. troops in
North Korea, MacArthur continued to
move his forces northward -- with the
announced intention of unifying the Korean
peninsula.
Some U.N. forces reached the Yalu River -the border between North Korea and China - on October 25.
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
War in Korea
CHINESE ADVANCE
October 1950-January 1951
In late October 1950,
while China was
issuing its warnings,
China’s leader Mao
a large Chinese force
had already entered North Korea.
U.N. forces began encountering Chinese
troops at that time.
On November 24, MacArthur announced
what he believed would be
the final offensive of the war,
which he said would
"restore peace and unity to Korea."
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
War in Korea
CHINESE ADVANCE
The next day, a Chinese force estimated
October 1950-January 1951 at between 130,000 and 300,000 attacked
the U.N. forces -- quickly pushing them
southward in a disorderly retreat. The
U.N. abandoned Pyongyang on
December 4.
Some 20,000 U.S. Marines and Army
infantry fought their way out of a
Chinese encirclement at the Changjin
Reservoir.
The U.S. Navy evacuated tens of
thousands of refugees and U.N.
personnel from the ports of Hungnam
and Wonsan.
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
War in Korea
CHINESE ADVANCE
October 1950-January 1951
Communist forces invaded South Korea
for the second time in the war on
December 31, 1950.
Seoul was recaptured on January 4, 1951.
U.N. forces stopped the Chinese-North
Korean advance about 30 miles south of
Seoul and began a counteroffensive by
month's end.
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
War in Korea
ARMISTICE
January 1951-July 1953
In April, MacArthur -- who had openly
disagreed with President Truman over
how to conduct the war and publicly
suggested the U.S. should use the atomic
bomb on North Korea or China
-- was relieved of his command.
MacArthur's career came to a close
during the Korean War, but as
recognition of his status as one of
the nation's greatest living
military leaders,
Congress asked him to address a joint session.
MacArthur closed his speech with a famous line
from an old army ballad:
"Old soldiers never die, they just fade away."
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
War in Korea
ARMISTICE
January 1951-July 1953
U.N. forces reoccupied Seoul in
March 1951.
From there they were able to advance
slightly north of the 38th parallel.
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
http://www.sptimes.com/2003/webspecials03/koreanwar/timeline.shtml
http://www.sptimes.com/2003/webspecials03/koreanwar/conflict.shtml
War in Korea
ARMISTICE
January 1951-July 1953
Truce talks began on July 10, 1951.
By that time, the war had become static - with neither side making any real
advances.
Disagreement over several issues,
including the exchange of prisoners,
delayed the signing of an armistice
for another two years.
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
War in Korea
ARMISTICE
January 1951-July 1953
By the time the armistice was signed in 1953,
U.N. casualties
were estimated at more than 550,000
-- while North Korean and Chinese casualties
were believed to be around 1.5 million.
As part of the cease-fire, both sides agreed to
withdraw 2 kilometers along the final
battleground and establish a demilitarized
zone along the armistice line -- a zone that
still exists today.
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
_____
War in Korea
ARMISTICE
January 1951-July 1953
In other words,
2 million casualties later,
and the two nations remained divided
along the 38th parallel…
where they had been
when the conflict began 5 years earlier!
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
The Korean War Memorial, Washington, D.C.
2. What was the legacy of the war for North & South Korea?
North Korea became a military power but
would decline economically and even today
suffers grave economic difficulties.
After decades of mismanagement, the North
relies heavily on international food aid to feed
its population while continuing to expend
resources to maintain an army of about
1 million. North Korea's long-range missile
development and research into nuclear, chemical, and biological
weapons and massive conventional armed forces are of major
concern to the international community.
KIM Il-song died in 1994 and his son,
Kim Jong Il, the current leader of
North Korea, succeeded him.
In December 2002, Kim Jong Il
repudiated a 1994 agreement that shut
down Korea’s nuclear reactors and
CURRENT
EVENTS
- 2005
expelled
UN monitors,
Yesterday, North Korea
announced
it had
successfully
further
raising fears
it would
produce
nuclear
weapons.
finished unloading 8,000
spent
fuel rods
from a nuclear
plant. Spent fuel rods removed from such reactors can be
enriched into weapons-grade plutonium. The United
States officially condemned the announcement.
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
2. What was the legacy of the war for North & South Korea?
North Korea became a military power but
would decline economically and even today
suffers grave economic difficulties.
Communist Dictatorship
South Korea became industrialized
and prospered economically
with the help of U.S. aid.
Parliamentary Democracy
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
View Video Clip:
http://klru.unitedstreaming.com/play.cfm?thefile=19286%2Fchp9
02922%5F256k%2Easf&protocol=h&e=y&title_id=19286&medi
a_file_id=1089520&login_id=81B2EE43-BCD3-F4DA3A2FDDD162D21572&luser_id=325609
CH 33: Section 3 – “The Road to War in Vietnam” Text p. 868; Packet p. 6
Pre – Vietnam History
French Acquisitions in Indochina
in the 19th century.
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
VIETNAM CHRONOLOGY UPDATE
1930
Indochinese Communist Party, opposed to French rule,
is organized by Ho Chi Minh and his followers.
1932
Bao Dai returns from France to reign as emperor of
Vietnam under the French. He is viewed as a French
puppet by Vietnamese nationalists.
1940
Japanese troops occupy Indochina, but allow the French to
continue their colonial administration of the area.
1941
Japan's move into southern part of Vietnam sparks an oil boycott by the U.S. and
Great Britain. The resulting oil shortage strengthens Japan's desire to risk war
against the U.S. and Britain…leading to attack on Pearl Harbor.
1945
An OSS (Office of Strategic Services, forerunner of the CIA) team parachutes into Ho
Chi Minh's jungle camp in northern Vietnam and saves Ho Chi Minh who is ill with
malaria and other tropical diseases.
1945
Japan surrenders. Ho Chi Minh establishes the Viet Minh, a guerilla army.
Bao Dai abdicates after a general uprising led by the Viet Minh.
CH 33: Section 3 – “The Road to War in Vietnam” Text p. 868; Packet p. 6
September 2, 1945
Read
HistoryMakers,
“Ho Chi Minh”
Textbook
p. 868
Ho Chi Minh delivers Vietnam's
Declaration of Independence to
end 80 years of colonialism
under French rule and
establishes the Democratic
Republic of Vietnam in Hanoi.
Vietnam is divided north and south.
November, 1946
Ho Chi Minh attempts to
negotiate the end of colonial rule
with the French without success.
The French army shells Haiphong harbor in November, killing
over 6,000 Vietnamese civilians, and, by December, open war
between France and the Viet Minh begins.
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
CH 33: Section 3 – “War Breaks Out” Text p. 868; Packet p. 6
3.
Why did war break out between the
Vietnamese Nationalists
and the French?
After the Japanese lost WWII,
nationalists in Vietnam
wanted the nation’s independence,
but France wanted to keep it’s colony.
Map of French Indochina,
French Colonial Period, 19th c.
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
CH 33: Section 3 – “War Breaks Out” Text p. 868; Packet p. 6
U.S. Involvement Begins
January 1950
The U.S. announces it sees Boa Dai's regime as legitimate,
and begins to subsidize the French in Vietnam;
the Chinese Communists, having won their civil war in 1949,
begin to supply weapons to the Viet Minh.
August, 1950
A U.S. Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) of 35 men
arrives in Saigon.
By the end of the year, the U.S. is bearing half of the cost of
France's war effort in Vietnam.
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
CH 33: Section 3 – “War Breaks Out” Text p. 868; Packet p. 6
4. What was the outcome of the war for
France and for Vietnam?
1954
The French were defeated at
Dien Bien Phu
and surrendered to Ho Chi Minh.
An international peace conference – the
Geneva Accords –
divided Vietnam.
Last year marked the 50th anniversary
of the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu.
A demilitarized zone at the 17th parallel
with the North under Communist rule
and South Vietnam was
under the leadership of U.S.-supported
Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem.
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
1955
U.S.-backed Ngo Dinh Diem declares himself president of
South Vietnam, he is corrupt and rules as a dictator.
1956 - North & the South Vietnam begin fighting.
July 8, 1959 - The first American combat deaths in Vietnam
occur when Viet Cong attack Bien Hoa; two servicemen are killed.
1960
The National Liberation Front (NLF)--called the Viet Cong--is founded.
These South Vietnamese communist guerilla fighters opposed Diem.
February, 1961
The U.S. military buildup in Vietnam begins with combat advisors.
President John F. Kennedy declares that they will respond if fired upon.
June 16, 1963
Angry at Diem’s pro-Catholic (Christian) policies*,
a Buddhist monk lights himself on fire in Saigon. Buddhist
demonstrations continue for months.
November 1, 1963
Kennedy agrees Diem must go. Diem is assassinated.
21 days later so is President Kennedy in Dallas Texas.
May 4, 1964
Trade embargo is imposed on North Vietnam by
new U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson
in response to attacks by the North
on South Vietnam.
Mid-1964:
While campaigning for president, Johnson
says, "We are not going to send
American boys nine or ten thousand
miles away from home to do what
Asian boys ought to be doing for
themselves."
Yet, behind closed doors, he is planning to
escalate the role of America in the war.
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
CH 33: Section 3 – “War Breaks Out” Text p. 868; Packet p. 6
5. How did the United States get involved in Vietnam?
Fearing the overthrow of the anti-communist
government it had helped set up in Vietnam,
the U.S. escalated its military involvement.
August 2 and 4, 1964
The Gulf of Tonkin Incident. North Vietnamese
torpedo boats allegedly attacked
the U.S. destroyer Maddox in
the Gulf of Tonkin.
A second attack
allegedly occurs on August 4.
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
August 7, 1964
Congress approves the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution which allows
the president to take any necessary measures to repel further
attacks and to provide military assistance to any South Asia
Treaty Organization (SEATO) member.
President Johnson orders the bombing of North Vietnam.
March 8-9, 1965
The first American combat troops
arrive in Vietnam.
1965 is a crucial turning point in the American
involvement in the Vietnam War. At the start
of the year there are 25,000 American troops;
by the end of that year there are 185,000.
The numbers increase to 385,000 in 1966,
485,000 in 1967, and 543,000 in 1968.
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
March 24, 1965:
The first antiwar teach-in is held at the University of Michigan. At first,
both supporters and opponents of the war attend the teach-ins.
Before long, the campus teach-ins become anti-war rallies.
April 17, 1965
Students for a Democratic Society sponsor
the first major anti-war rally
in Washington, D.C.
1967
Anti-war demonstrations are held all over the United
States. In 1967, 300,000 people take to the streets in
New York City, and in Washington 100,000 people try to
shut down the Pentagon. Expressing the views of more
and more Americans, Women Strike for Peace, a
women's anti-war organization, writes,
"Stop! Don't drench the jungles of Asia
with the blood of our sons.
Don't force our sons to kill women and children whose only
crime is to live in a country ripped by civil war."
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
November 14-16, 1965
The first major military engagement occurs between
U.S. and North Vietnamese forces.
Operation Rolling Thunder
Dak To, South Vietnam. An infantry patrol
moves up to assault a Viet Cong position.
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Napalm bombs explode on Viet Cong
structures south of Saigon in the Republic of
Vietnam. 1965
Thousands of service personnel listen to Miss Ann Margaret
sing one of her numbers during her show in Danang, Vietnam.
And then she…
03/13/1966
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
January-February, 1967:
Beginning on the Vietnamese
New Year North Vietnamese
forces mount a surprise
attack on provincial capitals
and other towns in South
Vietnam, known as the Tet
Offensive.
In Saigon, Viet Cong forces
strike the American embassy,
Tan Son Nhut air base, and
even the presidential palace.
The attack is beaten back,
but the offensive is a
psychological victory for the
North Vietnamese.
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
March 16, 1968
“The My Lai Massacre”
150 unarmed Vietnamese civilians are killed
by members of U.S. Army Lt. William L. Calley Jr.'s
platoon at My Lai.
As the "search and destroy" mission unfolded it soon degenerated into the massacre of
over 300 apparently unarmed civilians including women, children, and the elderly. Calley
ordered his men to enter the village firing, though there had been no report of opposing
fire. According to eyewitness reports offered after the event, several old men were
bayoneted, praying women and children were shot in the back of the head, and at least
one girl was raped, and then killed. For his part, Calley was said to have rounded up a
group of the villagers, ordered them into a ditch, and mowed them down in a fury of
machine gun fire.
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/trenches/mylai.html
May 10, 1968
The Paris peace talks begin between
U. S. and Vietnamese officials.
May 10-20, 1969
The battle for Hamburger Hill
"You may not be able to read this,"
were the words one of the U.S.
soldiers who died wrote in his
diary, "I am writing in a hurry. I see
death coming up the hill."
June 8, 1969
President Richard Nixon announces
“Vietnamization,” (a policy of
returning Vietnam to the Vietnamese)
the first U.S. troop withdrawals
from South Vietnam
September 3, 1969
Ho Chi Minh dies.
Though abandoned to the enemy
as soon as it was taken,
Hamburger Hill, more correctly
November 15, 1969
called Ap Bia Mountain, or Hill
250,000 people demonstrate against
937, proved to be the telling battle
of the Vietnam War, as Pork Chop
the war in Washington, D.C.
Hill was for the Korean War. It
was significant because it spelled
December 1, 1969
The first draft lottery since 1942 begins. the end of major American ground
combat operations in Vietnam.
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
April 30, 1970
The armies of the U.S. and South Vietnam invade
Cambodia to roust North Vietnamese troops. The
invasion sparks campus protests.
May 4, 1970
Four students are killed by
National Guardsmen at
Kent State University in Ohio.
The killings sparked hundreds
of protest activities
across college campuses
in the United States.
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
February, 1971
South Vietnam and U.S. invade
Laos in an attempt to sever
the Ho Chi Minh Trail.
June
The New York Times publishes
a secret
Department of Defense account
of the American involvement
in Vietnam,
known as the Pentagon Papers.
A defense analyst, Daniel Ellsberg
leaked the papers,
which reveal some of the
fabrications and faulty
assumptions that have guided America's involvement.
1972, December:
To convince the North Vietnamese
to return to the negotiating table
and achieve Nixon's goal of
"peace with honor,"
the Nixon administration
conducts the most intensive
bombing campaign of the entire war,
targeting North Vietnamese factories and ports.
Christmas:
Nixon again orders a massive bombing of North Vietnam,
including Hanoi,
and also orders the mining of Hanoi Harbor.
American prisoners of war
watch from the Hoa Lo prison
as anti-aircraft missiles light up the sky.
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
December 28, 1972
The North Vietnamese announce
they will return to Paris if Nixon
ends the bombing.
The bombing campaign is halted.
January 23, 1973
United States, South Vietnam,
and North Vietnam sign
Paris Peace Accords,
ending American combat role in war. U.S. military draft ends.
A cease-fire goes into effect 5 days later.
March 29, 1973
Last U.S. combat troops leave Vietnam.
February 12-27, 1973
POWs begin to come home as part of Operation Homecoming
April 1, 1973
Hanoi releases last 591 acknowledged American POWs.
September 16, 1974
President Ford offers clemency to draft evaders and military deserters.
April 29-30, 1975
Saigon falls. U. S. Navy evacuates U.S. personnel and South
Vietnamese refugees.
April 30, 1975
North Vietnamese forces take over Saigon; South Vietnam
surrenders to North Vietnam, ending the war and
reunifying the country under communist control.
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
CH 33: Section 3 – “The United States Withdraws” Text p. 869; Packet p. 6
6. Why did the United States
withdraw its troops from
Vietnam?
Unable to win a decisive victory,
the U.S. finally withdrew after
intense pressure back home in
America by those against the war.
T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
When the U.S. pulled out in 1975, more than 2,000
Americans remained unaccounted for in Vietnam.
20 years later, despite the efforts of the US and Vietnam,
a complete accounting of missing Americans has yet to
be delivered.
U.S. Casualties = 58,178
Vietnamese
Only recently has the
Vietnamese government and
the U.S. come close to
agreeing on these figures.
Their estimates are that
approximately 1.5 million
Vietnamese combatants
and an estimated
4 million civilians
were killed in the war.
Vietnam Veterans Memorial,
Washington D.C.
December, 1978
Vietnam invades Cambodia and topples Pol Pot's
Khmer Rouge government, ending its reign of terror.
During Pol Pot's three and a half years of rule over
Cambodia, from 1975 to 1978,
the Khmer Rouge killed as many as two million people
through mass executions, starvation and slave labor.
The genocide in Cambodia was the outcome of a complex
historical development in which the pernicious
ideological influence of Stalinism came together with the
chaos created by the military action carried out by
American imperialism against the people of the region.
Eight thousand skulls are inside the 35-foot memorial stupa that is
built in the middle of the Killing Fields in Cambodia.
AKINS HIGH SCHOOL
World History
Room 167
Tutorials: T ~ F; 8:20 ~ 8:50
Visitors find names of lost servicemen on
the Vietnam Memorial Wall, Washington D.C.
TODAY’s OBJECTIVES:
• Trace the course and consequences of the Korean War.
• Summarize the causes and events of the Vietnam War and describe its aftermath.
• Describe the actions of Pol Pot and his Khmer Rouge in Cambodia.
AGENDA:
• WARM-UP, Examine Textbook map, p. 867 and answer the two questions.
• LECTURE / DISCUSSION of homework CH 33, Section 3; p. 5 in packet.
• QUIZ over Sections 1 - 3
ASSIGNMENT for NEXT TIME:
• Read CH 33, Section 4 - 5, Complete pp. 6 - 7in packet.
•REMINDER: CH 33 TEST is WEDNESDAY