Music and the Classical Era 1750-1820 Viennese Classical Music • It’s all in the Definition: – – – – Generic Specific Attitude Musically The Times They Are A-Changing The Age of Reason and Enlightenment • Philosophical Underpinnings – A quest for truth and social justice pervaded this culture. – France: Voltaire (1694-1778) • Born, François-Marie Arouet • Enlightenment writer, essayist, deist and philosopher • works and ideas would influence important thinkers of both the American and French Revolutions Jean-Jacques Rouseau (1712-1778) A philospher and composer of the Enlightenment His political philosophy influenced the French Revolution, the development of both liberal and socialist theory, and the growth of nationalism. Important contributions to music as a theorist and a composer – England: John Locke (1632-1704) • All people are born good, independent and equal and that all governments derived their right to govern from the consent of the people, not any hereditary rights granted by God. Monarchy: The Declining Institution • Catherine the Great of Russia (1729-1796) • Frederick the Great of Prussia (1712-1786) • Empress Maria Theresa of Austria (1717-1780) • Joseph II of Austria (1741-1790) • Louis XVI of France and Marie Antoinette (1754-1793) (1755-1793) Scientific Advancements • Properties of electricity Benjamin Franklin, 1752 Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) Bifocal Glasses Lightning Rod Bifocal Sketch • Vaccines - Smallpox Edward Jenner (1749-1823) Intellectual Advancements • Encyclopedia - Encyclopédie Denis Diderot (1713-1784) Encyclopédie, 1751 Science Plate • Philosophical Debate and Writing – Jean-Jacques Rousseau – Edward Gibbon • Salons – The Role of Women Revolution • Industrial Revolution – Britain, late 1700’s – Technological developments were catalysts for the change from a rural, farm-based society to an urban, industrial one Gas Street Lamp Spinning Jenny Sewing Machine Eli Whitney and Cotton Gin James Watt and Steam Engine Political Revolution • American Revolution (1775-1783) – inspired by the Enlightenment – the 13 colonies of North America become restless and dissatisfied with their rule by the British monarchy. – Declaration of Independence in 1776 stated the rights of the 13 colonies to rule themselves; thus becoming a country based on the idea that “all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” • French Revolution (1789-1799) – inspired by the Enlightenment and the American Declaration of Independence – opposition to the monarchy spread rapidly from the property owners and the middle classes to the peasants and resulted in a bloody uprising. – Motto – “Liberty, equality, fraternity.” The monarchy was abolished, nobility put to death and a new republic set up. Vienna: The Center of the Musical Universe Visual Arts in the Classical Era • Rococo (after 1715) – This new style was called Rococo (after the French word rocaille, meaning “rock-work” – hallmark of this style was the curved line as found in sea-shells and flowers). Rococo style (light and frivolous) differed greatly from the emotionally charged, highly decorative Baroque art. Paris was the center of this new style. • Neoclassical – During the Enlightenment period there were great archeological discoveries made, particularly from ancient Greece and Rome. The ideas, designs and style of the ancient Greeks and Romans were particularly fitting for the new period of enlightenment. The Neoclassical style differentiated itself from the Rococo style in is simplicity and naturalness. Rococo Architecture • The stateliness and grandeur of the Baroque was replaced with smaller-scale grace and refinement, pastel colors became more popular, rooms were designed not to impress but to give pleasure and to be suitable for elegant conversation. Rococo Painting • • As opposed to the monumental-sized works of the Baroque, Rococo painters painted popular scenes with elegant men and women enjoying themselves. Instead of heroic struggles, these paintings revealed daily life of the nobility. Most popular were scenes taken from the elegant outdoor entertainments that were called fêtes galantes. The Swing Jean-Honoré Fragonard (1732-1806) François Boucher (1703-1770) The Music Lesson Jean-Antoine Watteau (1684-1721) A Pilgrimage to Cytheria • Fêtes galantes style was countered by Jean-Baptiste Siméon Chardin (1699-1799)who found inspiration in the lives of ordinary people and all that surrounded them. Back from the Market Chardin SelfPortrait Table Still Life Le Dejeuner Neoclassical Visual Art • During the Enlightenment period there were great archeological discoveries made, particularly from ancient Greece and Rome. • The ideas, designs and style of the ancient Greeks and Romans were particularly fitting for the new period of enlightenment. • The Neoclassical style differentiated itself from the Rococo style in is simplicity and naturalness. Neoclassical Architecture The Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel Paris The Brandenburg Gate, Berlin La Madeleine, Paris The Rotunda, University of Virginia Neoclassical Painting • Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825) The Oath of Horatii Madame Recamier Neoclassical Sculpture Moved from the dramatic, emotional forms to more idealized classical poses. • Antonio Canova Cupid and Psyche Napoleon • Jean-Antoine Houdon Voltaire Washington Musical Arts in the Classical Era • Life as a Classical Artist – Artists of the 18th century generally functioned under the system of aristocratic patronage. – Socially, they were little better than servants. While this was often distasteful to them, they were provided with economic security and a social framework within which he/she could function as a musician. – Yet, each major composer (Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven) began to pull away from the patronage system. • Musical Life in Society – An important aspect of musical life in the Classical period was the rise of the public concert. – This phenomenon was possible due most to the larger and more prosperous middle class. – Tickets could be purchased for single events or for full series. – Concerts in this time were much longer than concerts are today and unlike our concerts, most of the music heard was new works. Baroque and Classical Comparison Baroque Classical Dates 1600-1750 1750-1820 Geographical Center Italy, France, Germany, England Vienna, Austria Timbre Vocal and instrumental Instrumental Texture Polyphony/homophony Homophony Melody Longer and instrumentally conceived Symmetrical, balanced, question/answer Dynamics Terraced Gradual Accompaniment Harpsichord pianoforte Orchestra Small (20-40), mostly strings 30-40 with the four instrumental families used more independently Form Binary, Ternary Sonata-Allegro, Theme and Variations, Rondo, Minuet and Trio Harmony Tonal Tonal Rhythm Metric, motoric, elaborate Simple, metric Classical Orchestra • Blending of the four orchestral families: strings, woodwinds, brass, percussion • 30 to 40 players • Gradual dynamics established (Mannheim crescendo) Pianoforte Musical Genres • Vocal – Mass and Requiem Mass – Art Song: a pairing between music and literature – Oratorio – Opera: opera seria, opera buffa Instrumental Genres • Sonata – Three movements – Most written for solo piano, violin or cello sonatas – Important for the amateur players • Solo Concerto – Three movements: fast, slow, fast – Piano and violin were the common soloists • Symphony – – – – 1st movement: 2nd movement: 3rd movement: 4th movement: sonata-allegro form three part form (ABA) minuet and trio form rondo or sonata-allegro form • String Quartet – Two violins, a viola and a cello – Four movements Form in the Classical Tradition • • • • Sonata-Allegro Theme and Variation Minuet and Trio Rondo Elements of Music • • • • • • Melody – vocal in conception, symmetrical, question and answer Harmony - tonal Rhythm – simple, metric Texture – homophony and for accompaniments, Alberti Bass Dynamics - gradual Timbre – – – • Vocal: SATB Instrumental: string, woodwind, brass, percussion Keyboard: piano (Alberti Bass) Form – sonata-allegro, theme and variation, minuet and trio, rondo Composers • Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) – Sonata Form – Minuet and trio Form – Opera • • Maria Theresia von Paradis (1759-1824) Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) – Rondo Form – Sonata Form • Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) – theme and variation Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) Mozart as a Child The Mozart Family: Nannerl, Wolfgang and Leopold Mozart and Costanze Mozart as Young Adult Sonata-allegro Form • Symphony No. 40, K. 550, 1788 – 1st movement: Molto Allegro Minuet and Trio • Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, K. 550, 1788 – 3rd Movement: Menuetto (Allegretto) Classical Opera • Don Giovanni (Don Juan), 1787, Mozart – Act I: Duet: “La ci darem la mano” (There you will give me your hand) Maria Theresia von Paradis (1759-1824) • “Morgenlied eines armen Mannes” Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) As an adult Age 13 Rondo Form • String Quartet in C Minor, Op. 18, No. 4, 1798-1800 – 4th Movement: Rondo (Allegro) A B A C A A B A C A B A Sonata Form • Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Op. 67, 1808 – 1st Movement: Allegro con brio Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) Prince Nikolaus Esterhazy Esterhaza Palace Theme and Variation • Symphony No. 94 in G Major (Surprise, 1791) – 2nd Movement: Andante