UNITED NATIONS POLICE
STANDARDIZED BEST PRACTICES
TOOLKIT ON
GENDER MAINSTREAMING
POLICING IN PEACEKEEPING
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UNPOL GENDER
TOOLKIT
MODULE 3
LESSON 1
UNDERSTANDING SEXUAL AND GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE
(SGBV) AND CONFLICT-RELATED SEXUAL VIOLENCE (CRSV)
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Learning outcomes
 Define SGBV and CRSV
 Analyse the specificities of crimes related to SGBV
and CRSV
 Analyse the barriers for police in addressing SGBV and
CRSV
 Apply the appropriate legal policy framework to cases
of SGBV and CRSV
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JEOPARDY
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Rules of the game
 Each time, a group selects a category
and a question
 The group has 30 seconds to provide
only one answer
 If group does not answer properly, a
representative of every other group
races to the board for a chance to
answer
 Race restarts between other
participants until one answers
accurately
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Concepts and
definitions
Legal framework
and policing
General information
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What is conflict-related sexual
violence?
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Any form of sexual violence of
comparable gravity, perpetrated
against women, men or children
with a direct or indirect link to a
conflict, which may be temporal,
geographical or causal.
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What is sexual violence?
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Sexual violence, including
exploitation and abuse, refers to
any act, attempt or threat of a
sexual nature that results, or is
likely to result, in physical,
psychological and emotional
harm.
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What is the difference between
SGBV and CRSV?
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Conflict-related sexual violence
(CRSV) is a type of SGBV
which may be used as a method
of warfare to humiliate enemies
and undermine their morale,
terrorise and control civilians,
force communities out of their
homes, affect ethnic balance.
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Mention one resolution which
has placed conflict-related
sexual violence (CRSV) on the
international peace and security
agenda
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Resolutions1820 (2008), 1888
(2009), 1960 (2010) and 2106
(2013) have placed conflictrelated sexual violence (CRSV)
on the international peace and
security agenda.
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Which thematic areas of
Security Council resolutions
cover sexual violence in
conflict?
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• Women, peace and security
• Protection of Civilians
• Child Protection
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Give an example of a barrier to
policing in cases of SGBV
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Deeply personal effect on victims,
serious emotional impact of SGBV,
social myths and stereotypes, sense of
betrayal, self-blame, health
consequences, high potential for revictimization, or sense of insecurity
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Cite at least four reasons for the
underreporting of SGBV
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Physical and psychological trauma;
Young age, disability;
Threats, fear of retaliation, manipulation;
Feelings of shame, self blame;
Pressure from family;
Protection of the perpetrator, in particular if a family member;
Stigma from community;
Fear of being blamed, not believed or mistreated by police;
Lack of confidential areas in police stations and trained officers;
Lack of victim support services, no other place to go;
Prejudice surrounding sexuality i.e. male sexuality;
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What’s the proportion of women
worldwide experiencing
physical or sexual violence?
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1 out of 3 women worldwide
experience physical or sexual
violence
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SECTION 1
UNDERSTANDING SEXUAL AND GENDER-BASED
VIOLENCE AND CONFLICT-RELATED SEXUAL
VIOLENCE
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Why is the understanding of SGBV and CRSV
important for peacekeeping?
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Why is the understanding of SGBV and CRSV
important for policing in peacekeeping?
• It highlights the important notion that systematic
SGBV can be a strategic weapon of war to
destabilize communities
– Against women to provoke ethnical cleansing and
humiliation
– Against men to weaken military and provoke
humiliation
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Why is the understanding of SGBV and CRSV
important for policing in peacekeeping?
It contributes to peacekeeping work to acknowledge
that
• men and boys also suffer sexual violence during
conflict
• women and children in IDP camps are the most
vulnerable group of individuals
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Why is the understanding of SGBV and CRSV important
for policing in peacekeeping?
It contributes to peacekeeping work to acknowledge that
• Host state police could be involved in perpetrating both
SGBV and CRSV
• UN personnel has been involved in sexual exploitation
and abuse and these crimes have greatly undermined
the credibility of the United Nations
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Activity
Instructions:
As the instructor presents different statements, move
to the corner which best represents your opinion.
I agree and believe
that this statement
is broadly accepted
by others
I agree and
believe that this
statement is NOT
broadly accepted
others
YES to me
YES to them
YES to me
NO to them
NO to me
YES to them
NO to me
NO to them
I do not agree and
believe that this
statement is broadly
accepted by others
I do not agree and
believe that this
statement is not
broadly accepted by
others
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Activity
“Only women and girls are victims of SGBV
and CRSV.”
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Activity
“Sexual violence is an inevitable side effect
of a conflict situation.”
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Activity
“Sex is the primary motivation for rape.”
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Activity
“A man cannot rape his wife.”
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Activity
“The victim probably provoked the rape,
by behaving or being dressed
inadequately.”
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Activity
“Sexual violence that amounts to an
international crime (i.e. war crime, crime
against humanity, genocide) can be
reported even if weeks, months or years
have already passed.”
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Activity
“Women often falsely report rape.”
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Activity
“Victims of sexual violence are generally
targeted by strangers. The offender is
typically mean looking, armed, and either
stalks victims and attacks at night or
breaks into their homes.”
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Activity
“Sex workers cannot be raped.”
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Activity
“Sex offenders usually come from the poor
strata of society, and either have a low level
of intellect or are crazy.”
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Activity
“2/3 of the cases of
rape are reported
to the police.”
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Activity II
Instructions:
As the instructor reads sentences out loud, move to
the side of the line you believe to properly classify
them.
TRUE
FALSE
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Activity II
TRUE
FALSE
• Lack of resistance by the victim means
consent.
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THE OFFENDERS
Activity II
SGBV
TRUE
FALSE
CRSV
Family
members
Government actors
State
Non-state
officials
actors
Community
members
Community
members
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Activity II
TRUE
FALSE
CRSV is a method of warfare to humiliate
enemies and undermine their morale.
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Activity II
TRUE
FALSE
• It’s probably not worth doing an investigation
and file a report on SGBV if the victim later
decides to withdraw charges.
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Activity II
TRUE
FALSE
The roots of CRSV are:
• Personal disagreements
• Breakdown of law and order and social structures
• Political will
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Activity II
TRUE
FALSE
The roots of SGBV are:
• Inequality
• Discrimination
• Marginalization
• Gender stereotypes
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Activity II
TRUE
FALSE
Adult survivors of SGBV suffer many harmful consequences,
such as
FATAL HEALTH
CONSEQUENCES
PHYSICAL AND
SEXUAL
PSYCHOLOGICAL
SOCIAL AND
ECONOMIC
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Activity II
TRUE
FALSE
Characteristics of crimes related to SGBV
• Deeply personal effect
• Lack of interest in justice
• Health consequences
• Revictimization
• Victim’s behavior
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Activity II
TRUE
FALSE
Below are justifications made by offenders
• Complete denial
• Forgetting, blanking out and ‘not knowing’
• Denying the impact on children
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Activity II
TRUE
FALSE
Gender-based violence is divided into
the following types:
Emotional
and
psychological
Harmful
traditional
practices
Sexual
Socioeconomic
Physical
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DISCUSSION
What are examples of each type of
gender-based violence?
Emotional
and
psychological
Harmful
traditional
practices
Sexual
Socioeconomic
Physical
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Expected outcomes
Socioeconomic
• Discrimination
• Denial of services (exclusion, denial of
access to education health assistance,
property rights, etc)
• Social exclusion based on sexual
orientation (denial of access to services,
hostility against homosexuals,
transsexuals or transvestites)
• Obstructive legislative practice (denial
of access to exercise of civil, social,
economic, cultural, and political rights)
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Expected outcomes
Sexual
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Rape (including marital, anal, and attempted)
Child sexual abuse
Defilement
Incest
Forced sodomy
Sexual abuse
Sexual exploitation
Forced prostitution
Human sexual trafficking
Sexual harassment
Sexual violence (as a weapon of war and
torture, a form of genocide, a crime against
humanity)
• Forced sterilization
• Forced pregnancy
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Expected outcomes
Harmful
traditional
practices
•
•
•
•
•
Female genitalia mutilation (FGM)
Early marriage
Forced marriage
Honour killing/maiming
Female infanticide or neglect (killing,
withholding food, and/or neglecting
female children because they are
considered to be of less value in a
society than male children)
• Denial of education for girls or
women
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Physical
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Beating
Punching
Kicking
Biting
Burning
Maiming
Killing
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Expected outcomes
Emotional and
psychological
• Abuse
• Humiliation (insulting, degrading,
demeaning, compelling victim to
engage in humiliating acts nonsexual verbal abuse, denying basic
expenses for family survival),
• Confinement (isolating a person
from friends/family, restricting
movements, deprivation of liberty).
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DISCUSSION
Which ones are considered crimes?
Where do they often happen?
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SECTION 2
IDENTIFYING AND APPLYING THE UNITED
NATIONS POLICY FRAMEWORK ON THE
PREVENTION OF SGBV AND CRSV
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ACTIVITY
SCENARIO 1
SCENARIO 2
Would you classify the violence as
SGBV or CRSV
What are the applicable laws in
case you were made responsible for
SCENARIO 3
SCENARIO 4
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EXPECTED OUTCOMES
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW
Gender-based violence is incompatible with the dignity and worth of
the human person.
Human rights instruments on women and children’s rights have
recognised SGBV as a violation of individual rights and freedoms.
CEDAW
CRC
Optional
Protocol I
Optional
Protocol II
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INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW
EXPECTED OUTCOMES
International humanitarian law (IHL) is a set of rules that aim
to reduce suffering and limit the effects of armed conflict.
Geneva Convention I
Convention for the
Amelioration of the
Condition of the
Wounded and Sick in
Armed Forces in the
Field
Geneva Convention II
Convention for the
Amelioration of the
Condition of the
Wounded, Sick, and
Shipwrecked Members
of Armed Forces at Sea
Geneva
Convention III
Convention
Relative to the
Treatment of
Prisoners of War
Geneva
Convention IV
Convention
Relative to the
Protection of
Civilian Persons
in Time of War
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EXPECTED OUTCOMES
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW
Penalizes crimes that due to their gravity, cruelty and widespread nature affect
international peace and security. These crimes include:
GENOCIDE
WAR CRIMES
CRIMES
AGAINST
HUMANITY
SEXUAL
VIOLENCE
Due to the gravity of these crimes the immunity of State officials is lifted.
They can be tried in domestic courts, in another State’s court or an ad-hoc
or permanent international criminal court such as the ICC providing the
State has acceded to its Statute.
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EXPECTED OUTCOMES
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW
Invasion of any part of the body of a victim
or of the perpetrator with a sexual organ or
of the anal or genital opening of the victim
with any object or any other part of the
body.
 Male
It is noted that the concept of “invasion” is
intended to be broad enough to be genderneutral.
 Objects
 Female
 Any part of the body
 Force
Definition
of rape
 Threat
 Fear of violence
By force, threat of force, coercion such as
that caused by fear of violence, duress,
detention, psychological oppression or
abuse of power, against such person or
another person, or by taking advantage of
a coercive environment.
It is understood that a person may be
incapable of giving genuine consent if
affected by natural, induced or age- related
incapacity.
 Duress
 Detention
 Psychological
oppression
 Abuse of power
 Coercive
environment
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SGBV IN NATIONAL LAW
EXPECTED OUTCOMES
Elements of a
definition of rape
How it
happens
Use of force or
consent
Use of objects
The type of
evidence
required
Minimum number
of witnesses (i.e. 4
witnesses)
Who is
protected
Type of
penalties
Women? Girls?
Men? Boys?
Fine
Years of
imprisonment
Exemption for
marrying victim
The types of
relationship
between victim
and offender that
are included
Are husbands / intimate
partners included?
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EXPECTED OUTCOMES
SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTIONS
Women
Peace and
Security
Protection
of civilians
Child
protection
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EXPECTED OUTCOMES
DPKO/DFS Policy on Gender Equality in UN Peace Operations
In assisting the host State police in
enforcing the law, UNPOL officers need
to
 ensure the application of women’s
equality before the law and promote
the equal rights of women in all areas
of law enforcement activities
 support measures to address sexual
and gender-based violence and
facilitate the development of gendersensitive policies and training tools
 encourage the increased recruitment
of women to law enforcement
agencies in post-conflict countries.
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EXPECTED OUTCOMES
UN POLICE GENDER GUIDELINES (2008)
1. to assist in training all police on SGBV as first
responders.
2. to assist in setting up specialized units trained
and equipped to investigate SGBV cases and
facilitate referrals for victim support.
3. to assist in coordinating procedures with the
prosecution services of the justice system.
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EXPECTED OUTCOMES
UN POLICE GENDER GUIDELINES (2008)
1. to assist in training all police on SGBV as first
responders.
United Nations Police Standardised Training Curriculum
on Preventing and Investigating Sexual and GenderBased Violence in Post-Conflict Environment
UN Police Gender Toolkit (Lesson on SOP)
2. to assist in setting up specialized units trained
and equipped to investigate SGBV cases and
facilitate referrals for victim support.
UN Police Gender Toolkit (Lesson on SGBV)
3. to assist in coordinating procedures with the
prosecution services of the justice system.
UN Police Gender Toolkit (Lesson on Victim
Support)
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EXPECTED OUTCOMES
UNPOL Standardised Training Curriculum on Preventing and Investigating
Sexual and Gender-Based Violence in Post-Conflict Environment
This course provides UNPOL with skills for
an initial start. Further structure, design
and application should originate from the
mission environment.
There are twelve modules that can be
grouped under three categories:
• the basic principles of SGBV
• police investigative skills
• knowledge awareness of specific
crimes related to SGBV.
Outcomes
Prevent
Protect
Account
Principles
SGBV Dynamics
Legal Framework
Trauma
Skills
Interviewing
Crime Scene Investigation
Case Management
Problem solving
Mentoring, advising
More
knowledge awareness
FGM, Human trafficking,
Mass Rape-Genocide,
Domestic Violence
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