Section 4 Vocabulary Terms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Brachy-short
Cryo-cold
Crypto-hidden
Duro-hard
Eury-broad
Hetero-different
Holo-entire
Idio-special
Iso-equal
Lept-thin
Macro-large
Mega-big
Micro-small
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
Neo-new
Ortho-straight
Oxy-sharp
Pachy-thick
Pia-soft
Platy-broad
Proprio-one’s own
Sclero-hard
Scolio-crooked
Strepto-twisted
Tachy-fast
Trachy-rough
Xero-dry
Section 5 vocabulary: Directions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Ultra-beyond
Medio-middle
Intra- within
Gyro- Circular
Trans- across
Proximo- nearest
Per- through
Opistho- behind
En- in
Leve- left
Ex- out from
Endo- within
13. Ecto- on the outer side
14. Contra- against
15. Dia- through
16. Dextro- right
17. Dis- apart from
18. Cycl- circular
19. Amphi- on both sides
20. Ad- toward
21. Ab- away
12.
10/5- Complete Bones Discussion, Start Axial Skeleton Lab
10/6- Axial lecture, Axial Lab
10/7- Axial Skeleton Pop Quiz, Axial Lab due end of class (EOC)
10/8- Vocab Quiz (4&5), Append. Skeleton- Upper & Lower
Limbs; Appendicular Lab
10/9- Holiday
10/12- Holiday
10/13- Appendicular Lab, Review for practical (3rd)
10/14- PSAT, Review for practical, Finish Appen. Skel. Lab
10/15- Skeletal Practical
10/16- Joints Lecture and Joints Lab
10/19- Finish Joints Notes & Lab Work
10/20- Disease and Disorder Lecture – Food Day
10/21- Class case study, Children of Glass Video
10/22- Review for test
10/23- Bones & Skeletal Exam
Bones
Chapter 6
Classification of Bones
206 named bones
 Axial Skeleton: bones of the skull,
vertebral column, and rib cage

 Protect,

support or carry other body parts
Appendicular skeleton: girdles and bones
of the upper and lower limbs
 Locomotion
and manipulation
Functions of the Skeletal System
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Support (framework)
Protection of enclosed structures
Movement with muscles
Storage of calcium
Blood cell formation-aka hematopoiesis
Classification of Bones
Four kinds:
 Long bones
Short bones
 Flat bones


Irregular bones
Some Examples:
Femur, Humerus,
Tibia, Phalanges
Carpals, Tarsals
Scapula, Sternum,
Ribs, Skull
Vertebra, Hip
Compact and Spongy Bone
 Compact
bone is
the external
dense outer
layer


Spongy bone or
cancellous bone is
the internal
honeycomb of small
flat pieces called
trabeculae.
The spaces between
trabeculae will be
filled with either red or
yellow bone marrow
Typical Long Bone Structure
A. Diaphysis- thick & hollow
shaft; compact bone
B.Medullary cavity- AKA
marrow cavity; central part of
diaphysis; in adults, contains
yellow marrow
C.Epiphyses- bulbous
endings; spongy; epiphyseal
plate in development
Typical Long Bone Structure
D.Articular cartilagehyaline; cushions joints
E.Periosteum- strong
fibrous membrane
covering long bone
except at joint surfaces
F.Endosteum- epithelial
inner lining of medullary
cavity
Gross anatomy of bone (1)
Epiphysis: compact
outside and spongy
(cancellous) bone inside.
The joint surfaces are
covered with articular
cartilage which acts as a
cushion.
Epiphyseal line is a
remnant of the
epiphyseal plate, disc of
hyaline cartilage that
grows during childhood.
Gross anatomy of bone (1)
Diaphysis: thick collar of
compact bone, shaft,
medullary cavity or
marrow cavity. In adults
contains fat and is then
called the yellow bone
cavity
Gross anatomy of bone (2)
Epiphysis

Diaphysis
Periosteum: double layer of an outer fibrous
dense irregular connective tissue and an inner
layer (osteogenic layer) that consists of the bone
forming cells the osteoblasts and bone
destroying cells the osteoclasts
Gross Anatomy of a long bone



The tubular shaft is the ___________ .
On the distal and proximal end of the diaphysis is
_____________ .
Each epiphysis has an __________ surface. Both
spongy bone and compact bone are found in most
bones.
 Red
bone marrow in spongy bone contains hemopoietic
tissue.

A _____________ of dense regular connective
tissue is on the surface of bones
Typical Compact Bone Structure (Microscopic)
A. Structural unit is known as osteon or Haversian
system- a long cylinder parallel to the long axis of the
bone
B. Osteon is a group of hollow tubes, known as
lamellae.
C. Running through core of osteon is a
Haversian canal with blood vessels and
nerve fibers
D. Perforating or Volkmann’s canals lie at
right angles to the long axis of bone.
E. Spider-shaped osteocytes occupy
small cavities aka lacunae.
F. Hairlike canals aka canaliculi connect
the lacunae to each other and the
central canal.
Bone Development
1.
Osteogenesis or ossification: bone formation
A. Intramembranous Ossification- formed
from a fibrous membrane ex. flat bones
B. Endochondral Ossification- formed from
cartilage
ex. long bone
Process cartilage  bone collar  spongy bone
formation  diaphysis elongates and
medullary cavity forms  epiphyses ossify

Postnatal Bone
Growth
 growth
in length at the
epiphyseal plates
 growth in thickness
Bone development

Intramembranous ossification e.g. skull
 Osteogenic
cells switched on and lay down
bone in connective tissue “membrane”

Endochondral ossification e.g. femur
 Osteogenic
cells switched on lay down bone
on cartilage framework
Types of Bone Cells
1. Osteoblasts- “bone-forming”; responsible for
mineralized bone formation
2. Osteoclasts- “bone-breaking”, erosion of bone
material In a 24 hour day, there is an alternation of
osteoblast and osteoclast activity.
3. Osteocytes- mature, non-dividing osteoblasts;
located in lacunae
The Skeleton (Ch. 7)
 Consists
of 206 separate bones/ 216
if you count individually-fused bones
 Greek “dried up body” or “mummy”
 20% of body mass
Axial Skeleton: 80 bones
Skull: Consists of 22 flat and irregular bones
 Cranium - 8 bones (frontal, 2 parietal, 2
temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid)
 Facial Bones - 14 bones (2 maxilla, 2
zygomatic, 2 nasal, 1 mandible, 2 lacrimal, 2
palatine, 2 inferior nasal conchae, 1 vomer)