Patterns of Industrialization
 Industrialization – The transformation of agrarian and
handcraft industries into reorganized and mechanized
systems of production.
 New technology was the key
 By the end of the nineteenth century factories were the
dominant mode of production in Europe, the United
States, and Japan.
Patterns of Industrialization
 Foundations of Industrialization
 As populations began moving from rural to urban areas,
Great Britain became the center of industrialization.
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Raw materials for the emerging textile industry came from
America.
Textile mills – First mechanized industry
New technological inventions increased the speed of spinning
and weaving cotton cloth.
Industrialization in the textile industry produced huge
increases in the availability of cheap cotton cloth while
providing thousands of jobs.
By the 1830s the textile industry was the leading business in
Britain and accounted for 40 percent of its exports.
Patterns of Industrialization
 Foundations of Industrialization
 Eventually, cheap textile production depended on the
steam engine – invented by Scottish engineer James
Watt in 1765.
 In 1815, George Stephenson successfully tested the first
steam locomotive.
 Eventually (by the mid 1850s) the steam engine was used
to power ocean liners.
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Therefore, the steam engine, originally used in textile mills,
transformed the transportation industry as well, making it
much cheaper for both people and goods to travel from place
to place.
Patterns of Industrialization
 The Factory System
 By the mid-nineteenth century, the factory system had
replaced the putting out system as the major mode of
production in Industrialized economies.
 Factors such as rural overpopulation, declining job
opportunities, and increased financial difficulties for
small farmers provided an abundant labor force in cities.
 Working conditions became worse as industry grew.
Patterns of Industrialization
 The Early Spread of Industrialization
 At first, the English government attempted to protect its
new industry by forbidding the export of any machines,
plans, or workers.
 By the mid-nineteenth century, the U.S., Belgium,
France, and Germany were industrialized and improving
methods.
 U.S. became industrial giant by 1900 because of vast
natural resources, and high immigrant populations.
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Industrial booms were accompanied by transportation booms
as well especially in railroads and steam-ship lines.
Patterns of Industrialization
 Industrial Capitalism
 After the textile industry flourished, other industries began to
mass-produce standardized articles.
 As industry evolved so did business models
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Investors
Corporations
Investment banks and brokerage firms
Monopolies
Vertical vs. Horizontal integration
Key Players:
 Eli Whitney – Cotton Gin
 Henry Ford – Assembly Line
 John D. Rockefeller – Oil in the U.S.
Industrial Society
 Benefits of industrialization included cheap
manufactured goods, an increased standard of living,
and population growth.
 Regional and global migrations occurred.
 New social classes developed
 Middle Class – Managers
 Lower Class - Workers
 Families and work habits changed
 Socialists formed to build a more equitable and just
society.
Industrial Society
 The Fruits of Industry
 Industry produced affordable goods for consumers of all
classes.
 Populations of Europeans and Euro-Americans rose
sharply during the Industrial age
 Due to better nutrition and improved disease control,
more children of the industrial age survived to
adulthood.
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When children lived to be older the cost of raising them
increased and eventually families in industrialized societies
began choosing to have fewer children.
Industrial Society
 Urbanization and Migration
 As rural workers searched for jobs, they clustered in
cities with factories, and, as a result, city in urban areas
grew dramatically.
 Over population and poor sanitation created horrific
living conditions in some cities, which led to widespread
disease and crime.
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Forced governments to address sanitation and crime (Police
and sewers)
 Migrations
 Millions of Europeans engaged in transcontinental migrations
in search of work and better lives in America
Industrial Society
 Industry and Society
 Social Classes Changed
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Emergence and growth of the middle and working classes
 Family changed
 Men went to work in industrial factories while many women
were forced to stay at home and complete domestic chores
 Working class children hired to work in factories
 Abuse and overwork were frequent
 Some governments (like Britain in the 1840s) began passing
child labor laws in response to the abuses.
 1881 – England began passing mandatory school attendance
laws and other countries began to follow suit
Industrial Society
 The Socialist Challenge
 Among the most vocal critics of the abusive labor
situations in factories were the socialists.
 They identified economic inequity as the primary
problem in capitalism and condemned the working
conditions for women and children.
 Freidrich Engels and Karl Marx
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Said that social problems were a direct result of capitalism and
there were only two social classes; the producers (proletariet)
and the capitalists (the bourgeoisie).
 Two classes were destined to struggle against one another.
 Aligned themselves with the communists who advocated the
abolition of private property
Industrial Society
 Socialist Challenges
 Governments throughout the industrialized societies
attempted to calm the socialists by expanding voting
rights to more of the population.
 Trade Unions
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Although considered illegal by most factory owners and
governments trade unions formed to work for better wages
and working conditions
Strikes were their best and most effective weapon.
Global Effects of Industrialization
 While early industrialization had occurred in Europe and
North America, later in the century the Russian and
Japanese governments worked actively to change their
economies.
 The use of raw materials in industry quickly forced the
globalization of industrialization as early sources were
depleted.
 Industrialize countries often controlled the countries that
had natural resources by buying their raw materials
cheaply and returning manufactured goods to those
countries.
 By 1900, Japan and Russia were both full-fledged members
of industrialized societies.
Global Effects of Industrialization
 The International Division of Labor
 Beyond the countries that had mechanized early or with
government support, industrialization was spotty.
 Two types of national economies developed
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Europe and regions that had been settled by Europeans
industrialized relatively quickly and became successful.
 Russia and Japan had industrial success as well
Most of the rest of the world grew dependent upon demand from
industrial nations and failed to industrialize themselves.
 Dependent Economies – Foreigners owned the businesses while
foreign governments controlled the policies.
 Native workers paid low wages and the result was that wealth
became concentrated in a small group with lack of economic
opportunity for others.
World’s economies became solidly linked together as a result.