El Burrito Mercado —St. Paul’s District del Sol

Aztecs: Southern Mexico (most fertile)
–Terraced fields
–Irrigation
–Chinampas: “floating gardens” (maize, beans)
• Reed-based, staked down / eventually rooted
• On main water source
• Always being replenished
• No fallow!
• Extremely fertile
• Fed Tenochtitlan
• Communal

• Economic / Legal system to exploit Natives
• Lands placed in “trust” (no ownership)
• Natives worked in agriculture, mining; little $
• Spanish imposed:
– Taxes
– Indentured servitude (~feudalism)
• Spanish offered:
– “Protection”
– Salvation / Christianity
• Native lands today still in “trust!”
• “Checkerboarding”

• Private , HUGE farms / plantations: haciendas or fazendas
• Plots of land (w/ people) granted from Spanish /
Portuguese throne / government
• Hacendero / Fazendeiro (owner) = The Law!
• Peons (~slaves) work the land
• Beginnings of environmental change / dependency
• Destroyed prior methods of food production

• Sugar Mill
• Land
• Buildings
• Slaves
• etc.

Sugar Cane: From India, through Europe, to the Americas

“NEW” “OLD”
Turkey Cattle
Corn Pigs
Tomato Horses
Beans Sugar
Vanilla Tea
Squash
“New World” ahead in crops:
Coffee
“Old World” ahead in animal domestication:
• Brought greater nutrition to
European & African populations • Brought disease and transportation to Americas

Seed Crops
1. Maize (corn)
2. Beans
Tubers
Yucca / Manioc / Cassava
Sweet Potato
J ícama
Companion Planting: stalk / shade, N
2
, mulch
Fruits Veggies Other
Avocado
Guava
Papaya
3. Squash
Pumpkin
Tomato
Agave
Cotton*
Peppers
* Two different species concurrent in both hemispheres:
• India, Mexico (Asian evidence is older)

Companion
Planting or
“Intertillage”

• Generally one-way street (from Europe):
– Pigs, sheep, horses, cattle
– Buffalo too aggressive for domestication
• Indigenous animals:
– Turkey, Buffalo
– Andean highlands: Llama, Alpaca, Guinea Pig
• European animals brought many diseases
– Measles, TB, various poxes, parasites

• Introduction of exotic species into new ecosystems (don’t forget humans)
• “New World” as virgin soil for germs; biological expansion of Europe
• Native species lack of natural resistance:
Still true today!
• Early European fishermen brought disease, worsened with introduction of pigs, dogs, other animals

(1492-1532)
* Depends on which population figures used
• South America: <90% decline
• Mexico: >90% decline
• Central America: ~95% decline
• Caribbean: virtually 100% decline

About 30 million natives live in
Latin
America today

Europeans contained own epidemics via quarantine, but did not quarantine them from natives .
• Smallpox
• Measles
• Flu
• Plague
• Typhus
• Cholera
• Chicken Pox
• Malaria
What about
American diseases?

Why didn’t the Natives “contaminate” the Europeans with “American” diseases —the spread of diseases was generally a “one-way” street?

(Jared Diamond)
• Eurasian species are more fit to survive because of the necessity of having to develop better survival skills due to a larger
East-West land mass
• In Eurasia:
– Wider land mass along parallels
– Same latitude = Same climate
– More competition on every latitude
– More competition = More fit for survival
• In the Americas:
– Less E/W land mass
– Fewer “survival skills” learned / necessary for survival
– Eurasian plants / animals / diseases dominate

• Soup or Salad
• Entrée
• Side Dish
• Condiment / Spice
• Snack
• Drink
• Fruit or Dessert

EURASIAN
Beef, Pork, Chicken, Tofu
AMERICAN
Guinea Pig / Turkey / Walleye
Tilapia / Salmon / Tuna
Grains, Pasta, Rice, Yams
Squash, Potatoes, Quinoa
Corn, Yucca, Jícama
Most Fruits / Banana / Mango Papaya, Guava, Avocado,
Cola / Coffee / Tea / Milk Pineapple, Grapefruit
Most Condiments / Sugar Salsa / Ketchup / BBQ Sauce
Dairy Products / Jell-o / Yogurt Chocolate, Vanilla
Broccoli, Cauliflower, Okra, Tomatoes, Peppers, Beans
Beets, Rutabagas, Lentils
Most Spices / Salad Items Tapioca, Sassafras, Allspice
NUTS / SEEDS:
Wal-, Chest-, Hazel-, Almond, Pea-, Brazil, Cashew, Pecan
Pistachio Sunflower, Pumpkin
OUT: Water, Salt, Seafood, Mint, Kiwi, Coconut, Macadamias, Raspberries

Brazil: Largest % of any single country
Caribbean: Largest % of any destination
• 1532: First slave traded to the Americas

Mortality rate of natives meant importing slave labor from elsewhere!

D.F.
(1531)

Cort és: Mexico
Montezuma, Aztec
Pizarro: Peru
Atahualpa, Inca
Brazil Gold: Later (1631)

• Sugar plantations / engenhos
– Tropics: islands, humid, flat lands
– Brazil, Jamaica and Haiti

Dutch West India Trading Company (1621)
• Originally started (1608) as the Dutch East India
Company (SW Asia)
• Caribbean first, then all over Americas

• Would take anywhere from 30 – 90 days
(West Africa to Brazil)…
• Or 60 – 180 days (Africa to Caribbean)
• Longer journey = more deaths en route (50%)
• Caribbean death rate:
8 million : 4 million

•
Luanda, Angola to
Santo Domingo, DR
~6,000 miles
•
• to Recife, Brazil
~2,000 miles

Triangle
Trade
• 2 nd (“middle”) leg of “Triangle Trade:” Generally long route
• “Middle” of Earth
• Sailing routes followed clockwise flow of currents, winds

(virtually no wind)
ITCZ

• Recife
Pernambuco Slave Market

• Native
• Portuguese
• African
• Dutch
• Jewish
• Spanish
• French
• English
• “Brazilian”

• Ethnicity
– Shared culture, i.e.:
• Region (country, city, etc.)
• Language, writing, art, music, dance
• Religion
• Food and clothing
• Race
– Appearance, i.e.
• Skin, Noses, etc.
• Often used for class distinction

Color spots from Anime tutorial website

• The “Mixing” of People
• Virtually no European females initially
• Far more African-Americans than Euros!
• Lineage / “Purity” = Wealth, Power, Land
• Caste System:
Higher % Spanish = Higher Status

1.
Españoles / Peninsulares (Spaniard)
• Controlled / Part of Spanish Government ($$$)
2. Creoles (American born of Spanish lineage)
• Land owners, 2 nd class, few political rights
3. Mestizos (Mix of native and Spanish)
• No rights, but not usually slaves (servants)
4. Mulattos (Mix of black and Spanish)
• No rights, but not usually slaves (servants)
5. Black, Native, or Zambos (Mix of native and black)
• Nothing (Slavery)

The Caste System in Colonial Mexico
1. Spanish + Indian = Mestizo
2. Spanish + Mestizo = Castizo
3. Spanish + Castizo =
Espomolo
4. Spanish + Black = Mulatto
5. Spanish + Mulatto + =
Morisco (Moor)
6. Spanish + Morisco = Albino
8. Spanish + Albino (Chino) =
Throwback
9. Throwback + Indian = Wolf
(Zambo)
10. Wolf + Indian = Zambaigo
11. Zambaigo + Indian =
Cambujo
12. Cambujo + Mulatto =
Alvarazado
13. Alvarazado + Mulatto =
Borquino
14. Borquino + Mulatto =
Coyote
15. Coyote + Mulatto =
Chamizo
16. Chamizo + Mestizo =
Cachimboreta
17. Cachimboreta + Mulatto =
Barcino
18. Barcino + Wolf = Coyote

European
Andean Indian
Other Indian
Mestizo
Zambo*
* Legacy of slave trade
(ports of entry)

• In the U.S., “one drop” of “black blood” means one is black: Not in Latin America
• No such thing as “African-Latin Americans”
– Latino: Cultural, not racial
– Hispanic: “part Spanish”
– Chicano: Mexican-American
– “La Raza:” Recognition of the ethnic mix that IS Latin America
– Afro-Cuban, Afro-Caribbean?
– Garífuna (Hond, Guat, Belize)
– Maroons (Jamaica, Amazonia)
• Escaped slaves
• Created own culture

French Guiana: 3.2% Chinese
Suriname:
Guyana:
1.5% Hmong
37% East Indian
15% Indonesian
10% “Maroons”
51% East Indian

COUNTRY PART SPANISH CATHOLIC
• Argentina 97% 92%
• Chile
• Colombia
• DR
95%
92%
89%
• El Salvador 99%
• Guatemala 60%
89%
90%
95%
83%
60%
• Honduras
• Mexico
91%
69%
• Nicaragua 86%
• Panama 84%
• Paraguay 95%
• Puerto Rico 91%
97%
89%
73%
85%
90%
85%

COUNTRY ETHNICITY
Brazil
RELIGION
European: 54% Catholic: 74%
Mulatto: 39% Protestant: 15%
Black: 6% None: 7%
Others: <5%

COUNTRY
• Suriname
ETHNICITY
Hindustani: 37%
RELIGION
Hindu: 27%
Creole (B/W): 31% Protestant: 25%
Javanese:15%
Maroons: 10%
• Barbados Black: 90%
• Cayman Islands Mixed: 40%
• Guyana East Indian: 50%
Black: 36%
• TNT
Indian: 40%
Black: 38%
• Guadeloupe Black: 90%
• Haiti
• Martinique
Black: 95%
Mixed: 90%
Catholic: 23%
Muslim: 20%
Anglican: 40%
None dominant
Christian: 50%
Hindu: 35%
Catholic: 26%
Hindu: 23%
Catholic: 95%
Catholic: 80%*
Santeria: 100%*
Catholic: 85%

• Native religions
– Mostly in South America
• African diasporatic religions
– Yoruban (West African) based
– Vodoun (“Voodoo”)
– Mostly in / around Caribbean and
Brazil

• Arguably the world’s oldest religion
• Came with slaves from (old) Guinea Coast
• Slaves prohibited from practicing their religions, hid vodoun among Catholic rituals, beliefs, ceremonies
• Voodoo in the Americas is a combination of Catholicism and African Spiritism-
Animism (syncretism)
• Haitians had voodoo ceremony in 1791 for independence: 13 years later…

• Most frequently found in Caribbean
– Some say up to 60 million worldwide
– Haiti: 7.5 million (“everyone”)
– Cuba: 3 million
– Brazil: 1 million
– U.S.: 800,000 ( New Orleans, NYC,
Miami —wherever there has been major Caribbean influence)
– Also on rimland, Caribbean South
America

Belize = Chugú
Brazil = Candomblé
Cuba = Lukumí
Cuba = Santer ía
Jamaica = Obeah
Rio / S.P = Macumba
Suriname = Wintí
TNT = Shango, Orisa

April 10, 2003 December 24, 2010
Haiti Officially
Sanctions Voodoo as a Religion
Officials: 45 people lynched in
Haiti amid cholera fears
PORT-AU-PRINCE (CNN) - At least 45 people, most of them voodoo priests, have been lynched in
PORT-AU-PRINCE (CNN) -
Haiti's government has officially sanctioned voodoo as a religion, allowing practitioners to begin performing ceremonies from baptisms to marriages with legal authority.
Haiti since the beginning of the cholera epidemic by angry mobs blaming them for the spread of the disease, officials said. "People who practice voodoo have nothing to do with the cholera epidemic," said
Max Beauvoir, the head of a voodoo organization in the Caribbean country.
Some of the victims were killed with machetes, others were burned alive by mobs that added tires
Many who practice voodoo praised the move, but said much remains to be done to make up for centuries of ridicule and persecution in the Caribbean country and abroad. and gasoline to stoke the fires. The victims have been targeted because of "misinformation" that had been circulating in the community that voodoo practitioners were spreading cholera by using witchcraft, according to communications Minister
Marie-Laurence Lassegue.

February 11, 2006
Voodoo head found in air luggage
U.S. immigration officials have arrested a Haitian woman after baggage screeners found a human head in her luggage at a Florida airport.
Myrlene Severe, 30, has been charged with failing to declare the head on a customs form and transporting "hazardous material".
She arrived at Florida's Fort Lauderdale airport on Thursday on a flight from Cap Haitien in north Haiti.
Ms. Severe said that the head was to ward off evil spirits, officials said.
"Severe stated that she had obtained the package, which contained a human head, from a male in Haiti for use as part of her voodoo beliefs," the US Attorney's Office said in a statement.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMlzzymawC0

•
living languages in
Latin America!!
• All languages are part of a Language Family
– Spanish, English,
Dutch, etc. all part of Indo-European language family
• Many native languages yet to be classified!
• Major disagreements

Aguano, Aikaná, Alagüilac, Algic, Andaquí, Andoque, Andoquero, Arauan, Arutani-
Sape, Aushiri, Aymaran, Baenan, Barbacoan, Betoi, Bororoan, Botocudoan,
Cahuapanan, Camsá, Candoshi, Canichana, Carabayo, Cariban, Catacaoan,
Cayubaba, Chapacura-Wanham, Charruan, Chibchan, Chimuan, Chipaya-Uru,
Chiquitano, Choco, Cholonan, Chon, Coahuilteco, Coeruna, Cofán, Comecrudan,
Cotoname, Cueva, Cuitlatec, Culle, Cunza, Esmeraldeño, Fulnió, Gamela,
Gorgotoqui, Guaicurian, Guajiboan, Guamo, Guató, Harakmbut, Hodï, Huamoé,
Huaorani, Huarpe, Huave, Huetar,
Irantxe, Itonama, Jabutian, Je, Jeikó, Jicaquean,
Jirajaran, Jivaroan, Kaimbe, Kaliana, Kamakanan, Kapixaná, Karajá, Karirí,
Katembrí, Katukinan, Kawésqar, Koayá, Kukurá, Leco, Lencan, Lule, Maipurean,
Macu, Malibú, Mapudungu, Maratino, Mascoyan, Matacoan, Matanawí, Maxakalían,
Mayan, Misumalpan, Mixe-Zoquean, Mocana, Mochita, Mosetenan, Movima,
Munichi, Muran, Mutú, Muzo, Nambiquaran, Naolan, Natú, Nonuya, Ofayé, Old
Catío-Nutabe, Omurano, Otí, Otomacoan, Oto-Manguean, Paez, Pakarara, Palta,
Panche, Pankararú, Pano-Tacanan, Pantagora, Panzaleo, Patagón, Peba-Yaguan,
Pijao, Puelche, Puquina, Puinavean, P'urhépecha, Purian, Quechuan, Quinigua,
Resígaro, Rikbaktsá, Saliban, Salumã, Sechura, Seri, Solano,Tairona,Tarairiú,
Taruma, Taushiro, Tequiraca, Tequistlatecan, Teushen, Ticuna, Timotean,
Tiniguan, Totonacan, Trumai, Tucanoan, Tupian, Tuxá, Urarina, Urarina, Vilela,
Wakona, Warao, Wayuu, Witotoan, Xincan, Xokó, Xukurú, Yaghan, Yanomaman,
Yaruro, YumanCochimí, Yuracare, Yuri, Yurumanguí, Zamucoan, Zaparoan

1. Spanish
2. Itzá
3. Kekchí
4. Mopán
5. Jacalteca
6. Chuj
7. Acateco
8. Kanjobal
9. Garifuna
10. Mam
11. Tectiteco
12. Ixil
13. Xinca
14. Pocomchí
15. Aguacateca
16. Sacapulteco
17. Uspantecá
18. Quiché
19. Achí
20. Cakchiquel
21. Sipakapense
22. Tz’utujil
23. Pokomám
24. Chortí
25. Lacandón
26. Yucateco

(Dutch)
• Colonial Legacy
Suriname
• Influx of Indo-European Languages
• Loss of Native Languages
Brazil
Portuguese