Lower Appendicular Skeleton
Pelvic Girdle
• Composed of sacrum, coccyx, and 2 coxae
(hipbones)
• Coxae have 3 distinct parts:
– Ilium
– Ischium
– Pubis
• Coxae parts fuse together in the
acetabulum(acetabul-), a cup-shaped area on
the lateral surface of the hip that receives the
head of the femur.
Ilium
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Largest and uppermost portion of the coxa
The upper edge is called the iliac crest
Joins the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint
Anterior superior iliac spine- the bony
prominence you
feel as your
“hipbone”
Ischium
• Forms the lowest portion of the coxa
• Ischial tuberosity
– Points posteriorly AND downward
– Supports the weight of the body when sitting
• Ischial spine – a sharp projection above the
ischial tuberosity, near the junction of the
ischium and ilium
Pubis
• Anterior portion of the coxa
• Two pubic bones join midline at the
symphysis pubis joint
• Pubic arch
– Angle formed by pubic bones below the
symphysis pubis
– Arch is wider in females
Male vs. female
Lower Limb
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Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Femur
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Longest and strongest bone in the body
Head at top fits into __________of coxa
Greater trochanter – superior, lateral process
Lesser trochanter – inferior, medial process
Distal end:
– Two rounded processes posteriorly:
lateral condyle and medial condyle
– Patella articulates anteriorly
Tibia
• aka, “shin bone”
• Proximal end:
– Medial and lateral condyles are concave and
articulate with condyles of the femur
– Tibial tuberosity just below the condyles;
attachment point for patellar ligament
• Distal end: medial malleolus forms
prominent bony point of inner ankle
Fibula
• Proximal: head
– Articulates with tibia just below the lateral
condyle
– DOES NOT enter into knee joint or bear any
weight
• Distal: lateral malleolus forms outer
prominent bony part of ankle
Ankle “Tarsals”
• “Tiger Cubs Need MILC”
• Talus
Calcaneus (“heel bone”)
Navicular
Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform
Cuboid
“MILC: Need The Calcium”
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1=Medical Cuneiform
2=Intermediate cuneiform
3=Lateral cuneiform
4= Cuboid
5= Navicular
6= Talus
7= calcaneus
Foot
• 5 metatarsals
– numbered 1-5 starting medially
– Heads at distal ends form the ball of the foot
• Phalanges
– Toes
– Each toe has 3 phalanges, except the big toe
– What are the phalanges of each toe called?
(HINT: Just like the fingers)
– Which phalanx is the big toe missing?
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https://resources.oncourse.iu.edu/access/content/group/FA09-KO-OTHR-PRAC18273/Helpful%20Websites/Nicole_s%20Website%20Pages/Bones/Foot-tarsals.JPG