Presentation skills: Making gender statistics meaningful Inter-Regional Workshop on the Production of Gender Statistics New Delhi, India 6-10 August 2007 1 Presentation of gender statistics Goals: Reach a wide audience Highlight key gender issues Facilitate comparisons between women and men Encourage further analysis Stimulate demand for more information 2 Ways to present data Tables Graphs Charts Maps 3 Common Statistical Tables Table 6-2. Population Aged 65 and Over, by Marital Status, Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 2003 (In percent) Married, spouse present Widowed Age, race, and Hispanic origin Men Women Men 65 and over…………………………………. 71.2 41.1 14.3 Non-Hispanic White alone………………. 72.9 42.9 14.0 Black alone…………………………………. 56.6 25.4 19.3 Asian alone………………………………. 68.6 42.7 13.6 Hispanic (of any race)…………………………….. 68.8 39.9 12.3 65 to 74……………………………………... 74.3 53.5 8.8 Non-Hispanic White alone………………. 76.4 56.5 8.3 Black alone…………………………………. 59.2 33.4 14.3 Asian alone………………………………. 70.2 51.8 9.6 Hispanic (of any race)…………………………….. 72.5 48.4 7.6 75 to 84………...…………………………….. 69.8 33.7 18.4 Non-Hispanic White alone………………. 71.3 35.3 18.1 Black alone…………………………………. 54.9 19.3 23.2 Asian alone………………………………. 69.7 35.1 16.6 Hispanic (of any race)…………………………….. 65.7 31.4 17.1 85 and over………………………………… 56.1 12.5 34.6 Non-Hispanic White alone………………. 57.8 13.1 33.6 Black alone…………………………………. 39.7 4.2 47.7 Asian alone………………………………. 39.2 10.7 48.8 Hispanic (of any race)…………………………….. 49.8 17.4 33.2 Reference population: These data refer to the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, 2003. Women 44.3 44.0 50.8 39.7 39.5 29.4 28.8 36.2 27.1 25.9 53.3 52.3 62.7 53.7 53.5 78.3 77.8 87.2 75.5 74.2 4 General rules for good presentation Meaningful information Unambiguous information Convey message efficiently 5 General rules for good presentation Meaningful information Identify key message Choose appropriate indicator (counts, percent, rates, ratios) Highlight key gender issues Facilitate comparisons between women and men 6 General rules for good presentation Meaningful information Unambiguous information Include titles and headings Include only relevant labels Display scales Include source 7 General rules for good presentation Meaningful information Unambiguous information Convey message efficiently Convey one key finding or concept Use simple display Sort on most meaningful variable 8 From ‘raw data’ to easily understood gender statistics To select tables, graphs and maps Identify gender issue or differences Consider Identify underlying causes analysis needed Prepare raw/basic data Determine appropriate presentation formats 9 Basic table for gender analysis Title Women N % Men N Sex distribution % %W %M A B C Total 100 100 Source… 10 Example: Tanzania Gender issue: Poverty Cause: Differential access to means of economic support Analysis: Economic situation of women and men Economic activity status Reasons for not being economically active Data sources: labour force surveys or population census 11 Raw Data Population ages 10 and over by economic activity status and reasons for not economically active Women Men Total Economically Active 5,674,626 5,620,301 11,294,927 Not economically active 2,327,291 1,978,022 4,305,313 366,997 142,350 509,347 Student 1,399,348 1,512,705 2,912,053 Too old 211,826 90,376 302,202 Sick 238,224 139,630 377,854 Disabled 37,317 41,309 78,626 Others 73,579 51,660 125,239 8,001,917 7,598,323 15,600,240 of which Housework Total Source: The Labour Force Survey, 1990/91. Tanzania. 12 Basic Table 1 Population ages 10 and over by economic activity status Numbers in 1,000's, percentage distribution and sex distribution (%) Status Women Men Sex distribution Number Percent Number Percent Women Men Economically Active 5,675 71 5,620 74 50 50 Not economically active 2,327 29 1,978 26 54 46 Total 8,002 100 7,598 100 51 49 Source: The Labour Force Survey, 1990/91. Tanzania. One message: economic activity Exact numbers rounded to 1,000, percentages to integers 13 Simplified Table 1 Population ages 10 and over by economic activity status Numbers in 1,000's, percentage distribution and sex distribution (%) Status Percentage Distribution Sex distribution Women Men Women Economically Active 71 74 50 50 Not economically active 29 26 54 46 100 100 51 49 8,002 7,598 Total, per cent numbers in 1,000's Men Source: The Labour Force Survey, 1990/91. Tanzania. Deleted column with numbers, added totals in 1,000’s 14 Basic Table 2 Population not economically active ages 10 and over by reasons Reason Housework Women Men Sex distribution Number Percent Number Percent Women Men 367 16 142 7 72 28 Student 1,399 60 1,513 76 48 52 Too old 212 9 90 5 70 30 Sick 238 10 140 7 63 37 Disabled 37 2 41 2 48 52 Others 74 3 52 3 59 41 2,327 100 1,978 100 54 46 Total Source: The Labour Force Survey, 1990/91. Tanzania. One message: Reasons for not being economically active Exact numbers rounded to 1,000, percentages to integers 15 Simplified Table 2 Population not economically active ages 10 and over by reasons Reason Percentage distribution Women Men Housework 16 Student Too old Sex distribution Women Men 7 72 28 60 76 48 52 9 5 70 30 10 7 63 37 Disabled 2 2 48 52 Others 3 3 59 41 100 100 54 46 2,327 1,978 Sick Total, per cent numbers in 1,000's Source: The Labour Force Survey, 1990/91. Tanzania. Deleted column with numbers, added totals in 1,000’s 16 Simplified Table 2: Highlights gender issue Population not economically active ages 10 and over by reasons Reason Housework Too old Sick Others Student Disabled Total, per cent numbers in 1,000's Percentage distribution Women Men 16 Sex distribution Women Men 7 72 28 9 5 70 30 10 7 63 37 3 3 59 41 60 76 48 52 2 2 48 52 100 100 54 46 2,327 1,978 Source: The Labour Force Survey, 1990/91. Tanzania. Reasons sorted after percentage of women in group 17 Chart can help visualize Population not economically active ages 10 and over by reasons Disabled Others Too old Sick Housew ork Student 20 0 Men Women 40 60 80 Per cent 18 Selecting an appropriate format Tables Graphs Charts Maps 19 When to use tables Lists –one variable Incomplete data Data that vary greatly in magnitude Multiple statistics (annex tables) A significant proportion of women are in polygynous unions in many countries of sub-Saharan Africa Percentage of currently married women 15-49 who are in polygynous unions, 1992/1998 Sub-Saharan Africa Burkina Faso Benin Guinea Senegal Mali Togo Nigeria Chad Liberia Niger Cote d'Ivoire Cameroon Uganda Central African Republic United Republic of Tanzania Ghana Mozambique Comoros % 51 50 50 46 44 43 41 39 38 38 37 33 30 29 29 28 27 25 20 User-friendly tables Round-off numbers Round-off percentages Delete counts and total Sort by most meaningful variable Highlight key values Title with clear message More than one fourth of women heads of household are aged 60 or over Percentage of household heads aged 60+, 1985/1997 M W Region Europe Asia Other developed regions Latin America Caribbean Africa 46 34 32 31 26 24 26 16 22 17 20 18 Source: The World's Women 2000: Trends and Statistics 21 User-friendly tables: Clear titles More than one fourth of women heads of household are aged 60 or over Percentage of household heads aged 60+, 1985/1997 22 Example 1: Good table? 23 Example 2: Good table? 24 Example 2: Good table? 25 Selecting an appropriate format Tables Graphs Charts Maps 26 When to use graphs For continuous, interval variables Show trends or changes 27 User-friendly graphs Accurately show facts Y axis should start at zero Use same scale when comparing graphs side by side Colours or patterns show differences Title and minimal labels provide clear message 28 Example 1: show facts Literacy rate A. Literacy rate by age in Vietnam 1989 100 90 Men 80 Women 70 60 50 40 30 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60 and above Age Group Source: Women and Men in Vietnam. Statistical Publishing House, Vietnam 1995. 29 Example 1: show facts Literacy rate B. Literacy rate by age in Vietnam 1989 100 90 Men 80 Women 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60 and above Age Group Source: Women and Men in Vietnam. Statistical Publishing House, Vietnam 1995. 30 Example 2: Same Scale 31 Selecting an appropriate format Tables Graphs Charts Maps 32 When to use charts For categorical variables Ordinal Nominal 33 User-friendly charts Accurately show facts Avoid unnecessary three dimensional charts that can distort the information Colours or patterns to show differences Title and minimal labels Minimal lines, usually only horizontal grid Minimal frames (only for scatter charts) 34 User-friendly charts Homemaker Satisfaction Necessity 1999 1978 Satisfaction 40 30 20 10 0 Necessity Percent of all women Reasons why women work or stay at home, US 1978-1999 1978 1999 Full-time job 35 User-friendly charts 40 Women are increasingly working out of necessity, US 1978-1999 (percent of all women) 1978 30 1999 20 10 0 Necessity Satisfaction Homemaker Necessity Satisfaction Full-time job 36 Picking the right chart Makes difference between strong message and confusion Choice depends on: Kind Key of data used in analysis point to be emphasized 37 Example: Picking the right chart 38 Example: Picking the right chart 39 Example: Picking the right chart 40 Example: Picking the right chart 41 Picking the right chart: Vertical bar charts Data that do not vary in magnitude too greatly Few data points Few categories Often used for: Rates, percentages, ratios Regional variations 42 Example: Vertical bar chart 43 Example: Vertical bar chart 44 Example: Vertical bar chart Both charts have a clear message. The choice depends on the desired emphasis 45 Picking the right chart: Stacked bar charts Most effective for categories adding to 100 percent Women and men are shown either as: X-axis with one stacked bar for each Different colour segments of each bar with multiple values on the x-axis 46 Example: stacked bar charts 47 Example 2 48 Picking the right chart: Horizontal bar charts For one variable with many categories When Y-axis labels are long To plot two variables against each other 49 Example 1: Horizontal bar charts 50 Example 1: Horizontal bar charts 51 Example 1: Horizontal bar charts 52 Example 1: Horizontal bar charts 53 Example 2: Horizontal bar charts 54 Picking the right chart: Pie charts To show distribution of categorical components of a single variable Always show shares that total to 100 per cent Best for showing one segment as percentage of the whole Men and women can be shown either as: Two segments of the pie Separate pies 55 Example: Pie charts 56 Picking the right chart: Scatter plots To show grouping around a trend line To show outliers To show many data points 57 Example: Scatter Plots 58 Picking the right chart: Box plots To plot the median and quartiles To compare distribution of one variable for two or more groups or time points To compare single cases to the overall distribution 59 Example: Box plots 60 Example: Box plots 61 Key points to remember Presentation of gender statistics involves analysis to highlight key message Choosing the right presentation format is key for clear and accurate interpretation of data Format chosen should present meaningful and unambiguous information efficiently 62 Exercise Using labour market segregation exercise, do the following: Identify key gender issue(s) Determine key message(s) to be highlighted Prepare basic tabulation table(s) Choose appropriate presentation format(s) Present the results using the chosen format(s) Draft title Include needed headings, labels, scales, sources Draft a short paragraph explaining key message(s) 63 Acknowledgements Statistics Sweden Engendering Statistics: A Tool for Change United Nations Statistics Division Handbook for Producing National Statistical Reports on Women and Men UNECE/WBI Regional Training of Trainers Workshop on Gender Sensitization of NSS UNESCO Gender sensitive education statistics and indicators: A practical guide Gary Klass (Illinois State University) Presenting Data: Tabular and graphic display of social indicators 64