Matter and Minerals
 ____________________
are the basic building blocks of minerals.
 Over 100 elements are known.
Atoms
 Smallest particles of matter
 Have all the characteristics of an element
 The nucleus is the central part of an atom and contains:
 _____________________________________________________________.
 _____________________________________________________________.
 ________________, or shells: surround the nucleus, contain electrons—
negatively charged particles
 The ___________ ______________is the number of protons in the
nucleus of an atom.
 ________________ of an element have the same number of protons but
varying numbers of neutrons.
 Have different mass numbers: the sum of the neutrons plus protons
 Many isotopes are radioactive and emit energy and particles.
 The _____________ ____________ is the number of neutrons and
protons in the nucleus of an atom.
Why Atoms Bond
 When an atom’s outermost energy level does not contain the maximum
number of electrons, the atom is likely to form a ______________ _______
with one or more atoms.
 A ________________ consists of two or more elements that are chemically
combined in specific proportions.
 An ___________ is an atom that gains or losses electrons.
Types of Chemical Bonds
1. ____________ ______________form between positive and negative ions.
2. ____________ ______________ form when atoms share electrons.
3. _______________ ____________ form when metal ions share electrons.
Minerals
• Definition of a Mineral:
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_______________________________
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_______________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Identifying Minerals
• Physical properties:
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_______________
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_____________________________
________________
_____________________________
________________
Color: EX: ______________________________________
1._________________________________________________________________
2._________________________________________________________________
Color: EX: ________________________________________
 ____________ - ________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
Obtained by scratching a mineral on a piece of unglazed porcelain.
• Streak: Red chalk on a chalk board makes red marks. White chalk makes
white marks.
• _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
Gold - When gold is run across a streak plate it makes a ____________________
Color.
Pyrite or Fool’s Gold - When pyrite is run across a streak plate, it has a
_________________________________________________________.
 Pyrite is not worth much money, while gold is worth a lot. They look alike,
so miners call it fool’s gold.
Hematite -_________________________________________________________.
• Hema means_______________.
• The mineral was named hematite because it looked like it was bleeding
when it was taken across a streak plate.
Luster: EX: _____________________, ____________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________
 Two Major Types: _______________________, ______________________
Hardness:
 _____________________________________________________________
 ____________ ______________ of Hardness.
o _______________________________
o ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________.
Hardest (10) ____________________ Softest (1) __________________________
Common Objects: _______________________, __________________________,
____________________, ___________________, __________________________
Crystal Shape (or Form): EX: _____________, __________________
 External expression of a mineral’s internal atomic structure
 Planar surfaces are called _______________ _________________.
 Angles between crystal faces are __________________________________.
Cleavage vs. Fracture:
 _____________________________________________________________
 ______________: tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weakness
 Minerals that do not exhibit cleavage are said to _____________________.
Do not confuse cleavage planes with crystal faces! Crystal faces are just on the
surface and may not repeat when the mineral is broken.
Cleavage is described by:
 _____________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________
Cleavage (1 Direction) EX: ___________________________
Cleavage (2 Directions) EX: ______________________, _____________________
Cleavage (3 Directions) EX: ______________________, _____________________
Cleavage (4 Directions) EX: _______________________
Fracture: EX: ___________________________
 minerals that do not exhibit cleavage are said to fracture
 smooth, curved surfaces when minerals break in a glass-like manner:
____________________ _________________________
Specific Gravity: EX: ________________________, _________________________
 weight of a mineral divided by weight of an equal volume of water
 _____________ minerals tend to have ___________ specific gravity than
non-metallic minerals
Other Properties:
1.
2.
3.
4.
__________________________________________________ (calcite fizzes)
___________________ (halite tastes salty)
___________________ (talc feels soapy, graphite feels greasy)
_________________________ (magnetite attracts a magnet)
Rock Forming Minerals:
 ~_______________________________ make up most rocks in Earth’s crust
 Composed mainly of the ___ elements that make up over ____ of the crust
Mineral Groups:
 ____________________________ (Most Abundant)
 ________________________________ (~8% of Earth’s crust)
o ___________________________
O2o ___________________________
(CO3)2o ___________________________
S2o ___________________________
(SO4)2o ___________________________
Cl-, F-, Bro _____________________________ (single elements; e.g., Au)
1. Silicates:
 ___________________________
o fundamental building block
o 4 oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon ion
Joining Silicate Structures
 How tetrahedra may be linked:
o ___________________________________________________
o ___________________________________________________
o ______________________________________________________
o ______________________________________________________
o ______________________________________________________
Olivine Group dark silicates (Fe-Mg): _____________________________________
 Single ______________________, _________________________________.
Pyroxene Group: Ferromagnesian / dark silicates (Fe-Mg) EX: _________________
 Single ______________________, _________________________________
Amphibole Group: Ferromagnesian / dark silicates (Ca, Fe-Mg)
EX: ________________
 Double _____________________, _________________________________
Mica Group and Clay Minerals: light silicates (K, Al):_________________________
EX: _______________________
 _______________________,______________________________________
Feldspar Group: light silicates (K-Na-Ca, Al): _______________________________
EX: ___________________________, _______________________________
 Three- _________________________________,______________________
Quartz: light silicates (pure SiO2) EX: ______________________________
 Three-__________________________________, _____________________
2. ___________________ - Minerals that contain the elements carbon, oxygen,
and one or more other metallic elements.
3. ____________________- Minerals that contain oxygen and one or more other
elements, which are usually metals.
4. __________________, __________________ - Minerals that contain the
element sulfur.
5. __________________- Minerals that contain a halogen ion plus one or more
other elements.
6. ______________ _______________ Minerals that exist in relatively pure form.